Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology: Volume I Application and Maintenance, Second Edition (Handbook of Lubrication (Theory & Practice of Tribology)) PDF
Preview Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology: Volume I Application and Maintenance, Second Edition (Handbook of Lubrication (Theory & Practice of Tribology))
HANDBOOK of LUBRICATION TRIBOLOGY and VOLUME I Application and Maintenance S E C O N D E D I T I O N © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC HANDBOOK of LUBRICATION TRIBOLOGY and VOLUME I Application and Maintenance S E C O N D E D I T I O N Edited by George E. Totten Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2095-X (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-2095-8 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ThisbookisdedicatedtomywifeAlice(AhKum)forhercontinuedsupport whichallowsmetopursuemypassioninteachingthroughpublication.Itis herperseverancethatliterallydefinesthecharacterofourfamily. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC STLE Preface HandbookofLubricationandTribology:VolumeIApplicationandMaintenance,SecondEditionissponsored andcopublishedbytheSocietyofTribologistsandLubricationEngineers(STLE).Thisbookisoneofa threevolumeseriescovering: inVolumeII,TheoryandPractice; inVolumeIII,Monitoring,Materials, SyntheticLubricants,andApplications;andinthisvolume,ApplicationsandMaintenance.Thegoalof this book is to provide an update to the first edition and to provide the latest information regarding applicationandmaintenanceinthebroadfieldofLubricationEngineering. Thefirsteditionwaswrittenovertwentyyearsago.Intheinterveningperiod,thescienceoftribology andthedevelopmentofengineeringbestpracticeshaveevolvedmarkedly.Asaresult,eachofthechapters ofthefirsteditionhasbeenrewrittenandupdated.Anumberofnewchaptershavebeenaddedtocapture newinformation:InthesectiononApplications,theHydraulicschapterwassplitintotwochapterson pumps and fluids, and all new chapters on Tribology of Data Storage Devices, and Biotribology were added. InthesectiononIndustrialPractices,anewchapterwasaddedonTribologyof MetalForming Processes. In the section on Maintenance, three new chapters were added on Lubricant Cleanliness, EnvironmentalImplicationsofLubricants,andCentralizedLubricationSystems—TheoryandPractice. This volume was written by a peer recognized team of expert contributors from a wide variety of industrysegments.Eachchapterwaswrittenbyanexpertbothknowledgeableandactiveinthesubject area. Thanksgototheseindividuals; withouttheirexpertiseandhardworkthisworkwouldnothave beenpossible.Thanksmustalsogototheiremployersfortheirsupportofthiseffortandcontributionto ourindustry. BecauseofitsemphasisonthepracticeofLubricationEngineering,thisbookisanexcellentreference for those preparing for STLE’s Certified Lubrication Specialist® Certification examination. As such, it hasbeenrecommendedintheBodyof KnowledgebySTLE’sCertifiedLubricationSpecialistCertifica- tion Committee. This volume, like its predecessor, belongs in the reference library of all professionals inthefield. R.M.Gresham STLEDirector ofProfessionalDevelopment vii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface ThefirsteditionoftheHandbookofLubrication:TheoryandPracticeofTribology—VolumeI:Application and Maintenance was edited by E.R. Booser and was sponsored by the Society of Tribologists and LubricationEngineers(STLE)toprovidethelatestinformationinthefield.VolumeIof theHandbook ofLubrication:TheoryandPracticeofTribologycoversApplicationsandMaintenance.VolumeIIcovers theoryanddesignandwaspublishedin1984.VolumeIIIwhichcoversMonitoring,Materials,Synthetic Lubricants,andApplicationswaspublishedin1994toextendthetopicalareascoveredbyVolumeIand VolumeIIsincetheirinitialpublication. Over 20 years have elapsed since the First Edition was published in 1983, and enormous changes continuetooccurinthelubricationandtribologyengineeringsciences.AlthoughVolumeIIIdidextend theareascovered,alloftheareasinitiallycoveredinVolumeIneededtobesignificantlyupdated.Inview ofthesechangesandthetimethathaselapsedsincetheappearanceoftheFirstEdition,STLEinitiated theSecondEditionofthisinvaluabletext. TheSecondEditionoftheHandbookofLubricationandTribology:VolumeIApplicationandMainten- ance,hasbeenreorganizedslightlytoaidthereaderinidentifyingchaptersandtopicsofinterest.Allof thechaptersfromtheFirstEdition,withtheexceptionofthechapteronMarineEquipment,havebeen revisedorcompletelyrewritten.Inaddition,anumberofnewchaptershavebeenaddedincluding:Bio- tribology,TribologyofDataStorageDevices,TribologyofMetalFormingProcesses,andEnvironmental ImplicationsofLubricants.ThechapteronCompressorsandVacuumPumpswassignificantlyexpanded andtheoriginalchapteronHydraulicSystemsandFluidswasdividedandexpandedintotwoseparate chapters: Hydraulic Pumps and Hydraulic Fluids. Altogether there are a total of 37 chapters much of whichiseitheratotallynewtreatmentofthesubjectorcompletelynewinformation. Thishandbookprovidesthereaderwithanextensivereferencetothemostimportantandcommonly encounteredlubricationsystemsandfluidsinindustry.Thistextisofvaluetothepracticingtribologist andlubricationengineer,mechanicalormaterialsengineer,andfailureanalysispersonnel. Iamindebtedtoallofthecontributingauthorsofthebookfortheirtremendouseffortandpatience. Withouttheirdedicationandsupport,thesuccessfulcompletionofthistextwouldnothavebeenpossible. GeorgeE.Totten Seattle,WA ix © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Acknowledgments IwishtothanktheSocietyofTribologistsandLubricationEngineers(STLE)fortheircontinuedsupport throughout this project. Very special thanks to Robert Gresham and Barbara Rapacz, without whose supportthesuccessfulcompletionofthisprojectwouldnothavebeenpossible. IamespeciallyindebtedtoTheresaDelfornandShelleyKronzekofCRCPress,Inc.fortheircontinued guidanceandexpertassistancethroughoutthisprocess,fromthebeginningtotheend.Theyhavemade apotentiallydifficulttaskintoanabsolutedelight. Finally,andmostimportantly,Iamespeciallyindebtedtomyfamily,especiallymywifeAhKumfor allowingmetobesototallyinvolvedinthisprojectforsuchalongtime.Theircontinuedpatiencewith mysometimesbadbehaviorismostespeciallyappreciated. xi © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The Editor George E. Totten is President of G.E. Totten & Associates, LLC in Seattle, Washington, and a visit- ing professor of materials science at Portland State University. Dr Totten is coeditor of a number of booksincludingSteelHeatTreatmentHandbook,HandbookofAluminum,HandbookofHydraulicFluid Technology,MechanicalTribology,andSurfaceModificationandMechanisms(alltitlesofCRCPress),aswell astheauthororcoauthorofover400technicalpapers,patents,andbooksonlubrication,hydraulics,and thermalprocessing.DrTottenisaFellowofASMInternational,SAEInternationalandtheInternational FederationforHeatTreatmentandSurfaceEngineering(IFHTSE)andamemberof otherprofessional organizations including ACS, ASME, and ASTM. Dr Totten formerly served as president of IFHTSE. Hereceivedbachelor’sandmaster’sdegreesfromFairleighDickinsonUniversityinTeaneck,NewJersey andaPh.D.degreefromNewYorkUniversity,NewYork. xiii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors JamesR.Anglin DennisW.Brinkman SabrinGebarin AluminumCompanyofAmerica IndianaWesylanUniversity NoriaCorporation AlcoaTechnicalCenter MarionIN Tulsa,OK AlcoaCenter,PA JoséCastillo O.-C.Göhler IomegaCorporation InstituteofFluidpowerDrivesand MarkBarnes AdvanceR&DDept Controls(IFAS) NoriaReliabilitySolutions Roy,UT RWTHAachenUniversity NoriaCorporation Aachen,Germany PaulConley Tulsa,OK LincolnIndustrial AyzikGrach St.Louis,MO D.J.WBarrell LincolnIndustrial SchoolofMechanicalEngineering J.Fisher St.Louis,MO TheUniversityofLeeds SchoolofMechanicalEngineering AndyHall Leeds,UK InstituteofMedicalandBiological Engineering RollsRoyceplc UniversityofLeeds CustomerTrainingCentre EdwardP.Becker Leeds,UK Derby,England GeneralMotorsPowertrain JamesC.Fitch HooshangHeshmat BharatBhushan NoriaCorporation MohawkInnovativeTechnology, DepartmentofMechanical Tulsa,OK Inc. Engineering Albany,NewYork MalcolmF.Fox OhioStateUniversity Columbus,Ohio DeMontfortUniversity EmilevanderHeide Leicester,UK TNOIndustrialTechnology Eindhoven,TheNetherlands RolandJ.Bishop G.S.Fox-Rabinovich UnionCarbideCorporation DepartmentofMechanical E.Ingham Tarrytown,NY Engineering SchoolofBiochemistryand McMasterUniversity Microbiology Hamilton,Ontario,Canada RobertO.Bolt InstituteofMedicalandBiological EPRI/NMACConsultant ArupGangopadhyay Engineering LubricantsofLubrication FordResearchLaboratory UniversityofLeeds SanRafael,CA Dearborn,MI Leeds,UK xv © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xvi Contributors DouglasM.Jahn JudeLiu FarrukhQureshi DelphiSaginawSteeringSystems AgricultureandBiosource TheLubrizolCorporation Saginaw,Michigan EngineeringDepartment Wickliffe,OH UniversityofSaskatchewan MarkJ.Jansen Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, DirkJanSchipper NASAGlennResearchCenter Canada UniversityofTwente TribologyandSurfaceScience DepartmentofMechanical Branch MichaelL.McMillan Engineering Cleveland,OH GeneralMotorsR&DCenter, TribologyGroup ChemicalandEnvironmental Enschede,TheNetherlands Z.M.Jin ScienceLaboratory SchoolofMechanicalEngineering Warren,MI RickSchrama UniversityofLeeds DofascoInc., Leeds,UK T.Meindorf GeneralMaintenanceShops MikeJohnson Argo-HytosGmbH Hamilton,Ontario,Canada NoriaFieldServices Kraichtal,Germany ShirleyE.Schwartz NoriaCorporation Tulsa,OK HansM.Melief GeneralMotors(retired) TheRexrothCorporation WillScott RobertL.Johnson IndustrialHydraulicsDivision SchoolofMechanical, NoriaCorporation Bethlehem,PA ManufacturingandMedical Tulsa,OK Engineering PaulW.Michael QueenslandUniversityof WilliamR.Jones MilwaukeeSchoolof Technology NASAGlennResearchCenter Engineering Brisbane,Australia TribologyandSurfaceScience FluidPowerInstitute, Branch Milwaukee,Wisconsin PaulD.Seemuth Cleveland,OH TribologyConsulting, H.Murrenhoff InternationalLLC RobDwyer-Joyce InstituteofFluidpowerDrivesand Hixson,TN DepartmentofMechanical Controls(IFAS) Engineering RWTHAachenUniversity L.S.Shuster UniversityofSheffield Aachen,Germany DepartmentofMechanical Sheffield,UK Engineering BarbaraJ.Parry UfaAviationInstitute T.Kazama MohawkLubricants Ufa,Russia DeptofMechanicalSystems NorthVancouver,Canada Engineering JacekStecki MuroranInstituteofTechnology B.C.Pettinato SubseaEngineeringResearch Hokkaido,Japan ElliottTurbomachineryCo.,Inc. Group Jeannette,PA DepartmentofMechanical R.LalKushwaha Engineering AgricultureandBioresource H.A.Poitz MonashUniversity EngineeringDepartment AirBPLubricants Melbourne,Australia UniversityofSaskatchewan Melbourne,Australia Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,Canada RichardK.Tessmann M.Priest FES,Inc. RogerLewis JostProfessorofEngineering Stillwater,OK DepartmentofMechanical Tribology Engineering SchoolofMechanicalEngineering C.D.Tipton UniversityofSheffield TheUniversityofLeeds TheLubrizolCorporation Sheffield,UK Leeds,UK Wickliffe,OH © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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