Handbook of Lipids in Human Function: Fatty Acids PDF
Preview Handbook of Lipids in Human Function: Fatty Acids
Handbook of Lipids in Human Function: Fatty Acids This page intentionallyleftblank Handbook of Lipids in Human Function: Fatty Acids Editors Ronald Ross Watson Health Promotion Sciences Department, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Fabien De Meester DMF Ltd Co, Marche, Belgium TsimTsoum Institute, Krakow, Poland AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressandAOCSPress AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125,LondonWall,EC2Y5AS. 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Copyrightr2016AOCSPress.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedincooperationwithTheAmericanOilChemists’Societywww.aocs.org Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying, recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission, furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenter andtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesin researchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods, compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamage topersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-1-63067-036-8 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionEditor:NancyMaragioglio EditorialProjectManagers:JaclynA.TruesdellandKarenR.Miller ProductionProjectManager:Julie-AnnStansfield Designer:MariaIneˆsCruz TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India www.adi-mps.com PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Contents List of Contributors..........................................................................................xxi Preface...........................................................................................................xxv Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................xxxi Chapter 1: Personalized Diet and Lifestyle Interventions on Lipids and Lipoproteins........................................................................ 1 Yan Zheng and Lu Qi Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Diet Habits, Lifestyles, and Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins...............................2 Genetic Determinants of Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins....................................3 Gene(cid:1)Diet/Lifestyle Interactions and Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins...............6 Lipidomics...................................................................................................................12 Summary......................................................................................................................15 References....................................................................................................................16 Chapter 2: Trans Fats and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases: Facts or Artifacts?............................................................................. 21 Farid Menaa, Bouzid Menaa, Barkat Ali Kahn and Abder Menaa Introduction..................................................................................................................21 From Cis to TFAs: Natural Perfection to Industrial Imperfection.............................21 Physicochemical Characteristics of TFAs: Valuable Reasons for Industrial Production....................................................................................................................23 Analytical TFA Characterization: Not Always Easy, But Often Present..................24 TFAs on Health and Cardiovascular Diseases: Are They Really Hurting the Heart?.......................................................................................................25 TFA-Mediated Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Higher CVD Risks....................26 v vi Contents Contrasting Panorama of Worldwide TFA Consumption Is Relying on Technological Alternatives and Preventive Policies..................................................27 Key Points....................................................................................................................29 References....................................................................................................................30 Chapter 3: Fatty Acids and Cardiac Ischemia Reperfusion Injury........................... 39 Sri Nagarjun Batchu, Ketul Chaudhary, Igor Zlobine, Jasmine Pawa and John M. Seubert Introduction..................................................................................................................39 Membrane Organization..............................................................................................41 Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.......................................................................................42 Cardioprotection..........................................................................................................45 Myocardial Energetics.................................................................................................47 The n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids..........................................................................49 The n-3 PUFAs in Cardiovascular Disease................................................................50 The n-3 PUFA Antiarrythmetic Effects......................................................................51 The n-3 PUFA Alterations to Membrane Microdomain............................................52 The n-3 PUFA Effects on Cardiac Function..............................................................53 The n-3 PUFA Index...................................................................................................54 The n-3 PUFA Effects on Mitochondrial Function....................................................55 The n-3 PUFA Metabolites.........................................................................................56 The n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids..........................................................................57 n-6 PUFAs in Cardiovascular Disease........................................................................59 n-6 PUFAs: CYP-Derived Metabolites of AA...........................................................59 n-6 PUFAs: CYP-Derived Metabolites of LA............................................................61 n-6 PUFAs: Cyclooxygenase-Derived Metabolites....................................................62 n-6 PUFAs: Lipooxygenase-Derived Metabolites......................................................63 The n-6/n-3 FA Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease.......................................................63 Trans Fatty Acids........................................................................................................64 Saturated Fatty Acids..................................................................................................66 References....................................................................................................................68 Chapter 4: Lipids Nutrition and Epigenetic Modification in Obesity-Related Co-Morbitities.......................................................... 85 Giovanni Tarantino and Carmine Finelli List Abbreviations.......................................................................................................85 Contents vii Introduction..................................................................................................................86 Obesity and Epigenetic................................................................................................87 Atherosclerosis and Epigenetic...................................................................................89 NAFLD and Epigenetic...............................................................................................92 Cancer and Epigenetics...............................................................................................95 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Epigenetic..............................................................97 Conclusion...................................................................................................................99 References..................................................................................................................103 Chapter 5: Dairy Products: Their Role in the Diet and Effects on Cardiovascular Disease.....................................................................111 Ditte A. Hobbs, Julie A. Lovegrove and Ian D. Givens Introduction................................................................................................................111 Trends in the Consumption of Milk and Dairy Foods.............................................112 Nutrients Provided by Dairy Foods..........................................................................114 Contribution of Dairy Foods to Fat and Fatty Acid Intake......................................116 Epidemiological Evidence of the Association Between Dairy Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease................................................................117 Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids from Milk and Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from Intervention Studies...........................................................118 Dairy and Blood Lipid Profile.............................................................................119 Dairy and Insulin Action......................................................................................120 Dairy, Blood Pressure, and Arterial Stiffness...........................................................120 Trans Fatty Acids from Milk and Cardiovascular Disease......................................123 Conclusions................................................................................................................125 Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................125 References..................................................................................................................125 Chapter 6: Fatty Acids in Corn Oil: Role in Heart Disease Prevention.................131 Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Alexane Travers Introduction................................................................................................................131 Effects of Corn Oil/Linoleic Acid on Plasma Lipid Profile.....................................134 Effects of Corn Oil on Inflammation........................................................................135 Effects of Linoleic Acid on Inflammation................................................................136 Conclusions................................................................................................................137 References..................................................................................................................138 viii Contents Chapter 7: Dietary Approaches to Reduce Aortic Stiffness...................................141 Matthew P. Pase Background on Aortic Stiffness................................................................................141 Measurement of Aortic Stiffness..............................................................................142 Consequences of High Aortic Stiffness and Aortic BP............................................143 The Importance of Keeping Aortic Stiffness Low...................................................145 Dietary Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence.............................................................146 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Lipids.........................................................................146 Fiber......................................................................................................................147 Dairy Products......................................................................................................147 Mediterranean Diet...............................................................................................147 Foods and Beverages Containing Flavonoids......................................................147 Dietary Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials............................................................148 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet..................................................148 Omega-3 Fatty Acids............................................................................................149 Foods Containing Flavonoids...............................................................................151 Fermented Milk Products.....................................................................................151 Coffee, Tea, Caffeine, Alcohol, and Juice...........................................................151 Salt Restriction.....................................................................................................154 Vitamins................................................................................................................154 Lifestyle Factors........................................................................................................155 Future Directions.......................................................................................................155 Summary....................................................................................................................156 References..................................................................................................................156 Chapter 8: Inflammation and Atherogenic Effects Due to Saturated Fatty Acids ......................................................................................163 Rudolf Poledne Introduction................................................................................................................163 Epidemiology of Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and CHD Risk.................................163 Reasons Epidemiology Data Are So Inconsistent....................................................165 Analysis of Nutrient Consumption.......................................................................165 Different Changes of Risk Factors over Time..........................................................166 Genetic Influence of Pro-Inflammation Status.........................................................168 Inflammation and Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis............................................169 Molecular Mechanism of SFA Influence..................................................................173 Contents ix Clinical Controlled Study of SFA Intake..................................................................175 Conclusion.................................................................................................................176 Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................177 References..................................................................................................................177 Further Reading.........................................................................................................179 Chapter 9: The Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) in Atrial Fibrillation.....................................................181 Victoria M. Robinson and Peter R. Kowey Introduction................................................................................................................181 Overview of the Classification and Pathophysiology of AF....................................182 Potential Antifibrillatory Mechanisms of n-3 PUFA................................................182 Reduced Atrial Stretch.........................................................................................182 Modulation of Cardiac Connexins.......................................................................182 Increased Membrane Fluidity...............................................................................184 Prolongation of the Effective Refractory Period.................................................184 Direct Effect on Ion Channels..............................................................................184 Modification of Autonomic Tone........................................................................185 Decreased Responsiveness to Angiotensin II......................................................185 Anti-Inflammatory................................................................................................185 Human Studies...........................................................................................................186 Paroxysmal AF.....................................................................................................186 Postoperative AF..................................................................................................186 Reasons for Inconsistent Results in Human Studies................................................186 Heterogeneity in Study Design............................................................................186 Population Size.....................................................................................................192 AF Underreporting................................................................................................192 Placebo Issues.......................................................................................................192 Publication Bias....................................................................................................193 Population Heterogeneity..........................................................................................193 Age........................................................................................................................193 Comorbidities and the Degree of Atrial Remodeling..........................................194 Concomitant Drug Use.........................................................................................195 AF Subtype and Duration..........................................................................................196 Differences in Fish Oil Supplementation and Duration...........................................197 Duration of n-3 PUFA Supplementation.............................................................197 Differences in n-3 PUFA Supplements and Their Delivery to Patients..............................................................................................198 Are n-3 PUFAs Harmful?.........................................................................................199
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