Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance

353 Pages·32.983 MB·English

by  Duke, James

Handbook of
LEGUMES
of World Economic
Importance
Handbook of
LEGUMES
World Economic
of
Importance
James A. Duke
United States Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland
Plenum Press • New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Handbook of legumes of world economic importance.
Includes index.
1. Legumes. I. Duke, James A., 1929-
SB317.L43H36 633.3 80-16421
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-8153-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-8151-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8151-8
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, NY. 10011
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st editinn 1981
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contents
Credits ..................................................... VII
Contributors IX
Introduction
Format
Text Abbreviations 3
Collaborators 4
Legume Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appendix ................................................... 311
TABLE 1. Legume "Toxins": Their Toxicity and Generic
Distribution 311
TABLE 2. Legume Genera and Their Toxins 314
TABLE 3. Ecosystematic Attributes of Legumes 317
TABLE 4. Economic Legumes: Their Tolerances, Yields, Centers of
Diversity, and Ecocenters 321
TABLE 5. Recommended Inoculants for Various Legumes 327
TABLE 6. Zero-Moisture Nutritional Analysis of Legumes 328
TABLE 7. Amino Acid Composition of Various Legumes
(g/ 16 g N) 334
General References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 341
Credits
Acad. Repllhc. Pop. Rom. 5, Bucharest, Rumania, 1957: Fig. Gunn, C. R., Classification of MedicaRo sativa L. using legume
115. characters and flower colors, U.S. Dep. ARric., Tech.
Ali, S. I., Flora of West Pakistan, Third Annual Report, Kara Bull. 1574, 1978: Fig. 74.
chi, P'akistan: Fig. 26. Hegi, G., JIIus. Flora Mittel. Europ., Munich, 1923-1924: Fig.
Ali, S. I., Flora (~f West Pakistan 100, 1977: Figs. 51, 134, 136, 129.
137. Hogg, P., and Johnson, C. W., Wild Flowers (~r Great Britain,
Ann. lard. Bot. BllitcflzorR 44, 1935: Fig. 29. Vol. 8, London, 1874: Fig. 80.
Aublet, 1. B. C. F., Histoire des Plantes de la Glliane Fran~'aise, Humboldt, A., Bonpland, A., and Kunth, C. S., NOl'a Genera
Vol. 4, Didot, LondonWaris, 1775: Figs. 61, 108. et Species Plantarum, 1823: Fig. 109.
Basu, B. D., Indian Medicinal Plants, Allahabad, India, 1918 Iowa Geol. Surv. Bull. 4, Weed flora of Iowa, Des Moines,
(reprinted 1975): Figs. 24, 103, 142. 1913: Fig. 46.
Bentham, G., Handhook of the British Flora, Vol. I, Reeve, Irvine, F. R., Woody Plants (~r Ghana, Oxford University Press,
London, 1865: Fig. 125. London, 1961: Figs. 5, 12,48,91.
BerR. Char. Pflanzen GattU.'lRen, Gaertner, Berlin, 1861: Fig. l. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 13, 1871-1873: Fig. 72.
41. Karsten, H., Dtsch. Flora. Pharm. Med. Botanik, Spaeth,
Chuang, C.-C., and Huang, C., The LeRuminosae of Taiwan.f(lr Berlin, 1880-1883: Fig. 6.
Pasture and Soil Improvement, Taipei, Taiwan, 1965: Figs. Kew BIIII., 1912: Fig. 71.
70,83, 139, 141. Killip, E. E., and Smith, A. C., The identity of South American
Constantin, P., Marvelles de la Nature. Les Plante,I', Baillera, fish poisons, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 20(5), 1930: Fig. 62.
Paris, 1894-1896: Fig. 3. Kotschy, T., De plantis nilotico-Acthiopicis Knohlecheriana,
Corner, E. 1. H., and Watambe, K., Illustrated Guide to 1864-1865: Fig. 32.
Tropical Plants, Hirohawa, Tokyo, 1969: Fig. 19. Lindley, 1., Med. Econom. Bot., 1849: Fig. 45.
Coste, H. 1., Flora France, Vol. I, 1901: Fig. 79. Maiden, J. H., The Forest Flora of New South Wales, Vol. 3,
Curtis. Bot. MaR. 3, 1789: Fig. 105. Government Printers, Sydney, Australia, 1907: Fig. 2.
Curtis. Bot. Mali. 139, 1913: Fig. 38. Maiden, J. H., Wattles and Wallle,1 BurAS, 2nd ed., Government
Dodson, C. H., and Gentry, A. H., Flora (){ the Rio Palenqlle Printers, Sydney, Australia, 1891: Fig. 4.
Science Center, Los Rios, Ecuador, The Marie Selby Moris, G. G., Flora Sardoa Ico/l(IRraphic, 1837: Fig. 76.
Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, 1978: Figs. 40, 90. Notizhlatt Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin. Dahlem., 1909: Figs. 98,
Duke, P. (tracings of xerocopies): Figs. 8, 13,20,34,44,54,69, 100.
88,107, III, 120. Notizhlatt Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin. Dahlem., 1911: Fig. 106.
Engler, H. G. A.,Pflanzenfam: Figs. 11,15,27,52,82. Reed, C. F., Selected Weeds, 1970: Fig. 135.
Engler, H.G.A., and Drude, C. G. 0., VeRet. del' Erde, 1911: Reichenbach, H. G., and Beck, G., /con. Fl. Germ. Hell,. 22,
Fig.l7. 1903: Figs. 42, 47, 65, 87, 113, 116, 117, 127.
Farmers Bull. 693, 1915: Fig. 73. Schlechtendahl, D. F. L. von, et al., Flora von Deutschland,
Faul, K. (drawing): Fig. 85. 5th ed., Bd. 23, 1880: Fig. 121.
Flora of Taiwan, Vol. 3, Epoch, Taiwan, 1977: Figs. 1,9, 14, Schlechtendahl, D. F. L. von, et al., Flora von Deutschland,
16, 18,25,28,30,33,35,36,43,49,50,57,58,59,60,63, Bd. 24, 1880: Figs. 130, 132, 133.
67,68,75,81,89,97,99,101,102,110,122,123,145. Smartt, 1., Tropical Pulses, Longman Group Ltd., London,
Freeman, G. F., Bot. Gaz. 56, 1913: Fig. 92. 1976: Figs. 143, 146.
Garcke, C. A. F., JIIustrated Flora Delltschland, 17th ed., 1895: Syme, J. T., et al., Enlilish Botany, Yol. 3, 3rd ed., Hardwicke,
Fig. 10. London, 1864: Fig. 64.
Grieve, M., and Leyel, C. F., A Modern Herhal, Vol. I, 1937: Taylor, T. M. C., The pea family of British Columbia, B.C.
Fig. 86. Provo Mus. Handb. 32, 1974: Fig. 126.
vii
Credits
Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 29, 1873-1875: Fig. 112. Wight, R., Icon. Pl. Ind. Orientalis 3, 1843-1845: Fig. 21.
U.S. Dep. Agric .• Bull. 119, 1914: Fig. 138. Wilbur, R. L., The Leguminous Plants of North Carolina. The
Westphal, E .• Pulses in Ethiopia. Their Taxonomy and Agri North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1963:
cultural Significance. Centre for Agricultural Publishing Figs. 78, 104, 118.
and Documentation, Wageningen, 1974: Figs. 53, 55, 56, Zohary, M., PL-480 Project A-IO-CR-ll, 1967: Figs. 114, 119,
66,84,93,94,95,96, 128, 131, 140, 144. 124.
Wight, R., Icon. Pl. Ind. Orientalis 1, 1840: Figs. 23. 37.
viii
Contributors
Dr. J. C. Baudet Dr. W. A. Cope Dr. W. Foulds
Faculte des Sciences Research Leader Science Department
Agronomique de L'Etat USDA-SEA-FR-SR Claremont Teachers College
5800 Gembloux, Belgium North Carolina State University West Australia
P.O. Box 5155
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Dr. T. E. Boswell Mr. A. Fyson
Texas A. & M. University Dr. S. Dana Department of Biological Sciences
Plant Disease Research Station Bidhan Chandra Krishi The University
Yoakum, Texas 77995 Vistva Vidyalaya Dundee, United Kingdom
Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Genetics and Plant
Dr. J. L. Brewbaker Breeding Dr. P. B. Gibson
University of Hawaii Kalyani 741235 Agronomy Department
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 West Bengal, India Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29631
Dr. T. E. Devine
Dr. A. H. Bunting
Room 218, Building 001, BARC-West Dr. M. A. Golden
Plant Science Laboratory, UniversIty of Department of Agriculture
Room 159, Building Oll-A
Reading Beltsville, Maryland 20705
United States Department of Agriculture
White Knights
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Reading, England Dr. Tricia Dodd
RG62AF
Plant Science Laboratory, University of
Reading Dr. H. J. Gorz
White Knights University of Nebraska
Dr. W. V. Campbell
Reading, England Lincoln, Nebraska 68503
Associate Professor of Insect Pathology RG62AF
The School of Agriculture and Life
Sciences and Forest Resources Dr. J. A. Duke Dr. Peter H. Graham
North Carolina State University Chief CIAT, Apartado Aereo 6713
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 Economic Botany Laboratory Cali, Colombia
Building 265, BARC/East
United States Department of Agriculture
Dr. S. Chandra Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Dr. W. C. Gregory
Senior Plant Breeder Professor of Genetics
Division of Genetics and Plant Dr. N. R. Farnsworth The School of Agriculture
Physiology College of Pharmacy North Carolina State University
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute University of Illinois Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Karnal, 132001 833 S. Wood Street
India Chicago, Illinois 60612
Dr. Ray O. Hammons
Dr. M. B. Forde Research Leader
Dr. C. S. Cooper Plant Introduction Office USDA-SEA-FR-SR
Plant Science Research Division Grasslands Division Georgia Coastal Plains Experiment
United States Department of Agriculture DSIR, Private Bag Station
Bozeman, Montana 59715 Palmerson North, New Zealand Tifton, Georgia 31794
ix
Contributors
Dr. R. Hegnauer Dr. L. ' t Mannetje Dr. N. H. Shaw
Laboratorium and Voor CSIRO CSIRO
Experimenele Plantensystematiele Mill Road Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures
Schelpenkade 14a St. Lucia St. Lucia, Queensland
2131-2T Leiden QLD. Australia 4067 Australia
Netherlands
Dr. R. Marechal Dr. C. E. Simpson
Dr. J. M. Hopkinson
Faculte Des Sciences Texas A. & M. University
Agricultural Branch Agronomiques De L'Etat Agricultural Research and Extension
Department of Primary Industries 5800 Gembloux Center
Brisbane Old Belgium StephenVille, Texas 76401
Australia 4000
Dr. C. S. Hoveland Dr. J. D. Miller Dr. R. P. Sinha
Auburn University Agronomy Department
Auburn, Alabama 36830 Georgia Coastal Plains Experiment Dr. A. E. Slinkard
Station Senior Research Scientist
Dr. E. M. Hutton Tifton, Georgia 31794 Crop Science Department
Chief of Tropical Crops and Pastures University of Saskatchewan
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Dr. A. J. Norden Saskaton, Saskatchewan
Research Organization Institute of Food and Agriculture Canada S7N OWO
St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia Sciences
College of Agriculture Dr. J. Smartt
Dr. T. Hymowitz University of Florida Department of Biology
University of Illinois at 304 Newell Hall University of Southampton
Urbana-Champaign Gainesville, Florida 32611 509 5NH
Urbana, IUinois 60801 United Kingdom
Dr. B. N. Okigbo
Dr. R. F. Keeler Director Dr. Donald H. Smith
Utah State University International Institute for Tropical Associate Professor
UMC 48, Agricultural Science Building Agriculture Texas A. & M. University
Logan, Utah 84322 Ibadan, Nigeria Plant Disease Research Station
Yoakum, Texas 77995
Dr. T. N. Khan
Dr. B. P. Pandya
Department of Agriculture Dr. Olin D. Smith
Agricultural Station
Jarrah Road Associate Professor of Peanut Breeding
Pantnager, India
South Perth, 6151 Soil and Crop Science
Western Australia Texas A. & M. University
Ms. Hazel Pollard
College Station, Texas 77843
Dr. A. E. Kretschmer, Jr. DSAD, National Agricultural Library
University of Florida Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Dr. R. R. Smith
Institute of Food, Agricultural Sciences USDA, ARS, North Central Region
Agricultural Research Center Dr. K. O. Rachie Department of Agronomy
Fort Pierce, Florida 33450 CIAT, Apartado Aereo 6713 University of Wisconsin
Cali, Valle, Colombia Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Dr. J. Langenheim
University of California Dr. C. F. Reed Dr. J. I. Sprent
Botany Department Department of Biological Sciences
Reed Herbarium
Santa Cruz, California 95053 The University
10105 Harford Road
Dundee, United Kingdom
Baltimore, Maryland 21234
Dr. R. M. Lantican
University of the Philippines at Dr. R. J. Summerfield
Los Banos Dr. Peter P. Rotar
Plant Environmental Laboratory
College of Agriculture Department of Agronomy and Soil
Shinfield Grange
College, Laguna, 3720 Science, CTA
Cutbush Lane, Shinfield
Philippines University of Hawaii at Manoa
Reading, Berks
3190 Maile Way
United Kingdom
Dr. J. M. Lenne Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
University of Florida Dr. N. L. Taylor
Institute of Food, Agricultural Sciences Dr. D. G. Roux University of Kentucky
Agricultural Research Center Department of Chemistry Agronomy Department
Fort Pierce, Florida 33450 University of The Orange Free State College of Agriculture
P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300 University of Kentucky
Dr. R. L. Lynch Republic of South Africa Lexington, Kentucky 40506
x
Contributors
Dr. C. E. Townsend Dr. E. B. Whitty Dr. J. C. Wynne
Crops Research Laboratory Associate Professor of Field Crop Crop Science Department
Colorado State University Management North Carolina State University
Bay Road south of West Prospect Agronomy Department, 304 Newell Hall Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32611
Dr. L. J. G. van der Maesen
Pulse Germplasm Botanist Dr. Clyde T. Young
1-11-256 Begumpet
Food Science Department
Hyderabad, 500016 A. P.
India Dr. E. C. Williams Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station
Experiment, Georgia 30212
Dr. Jurgen K. P. Weder
Institut FUR Lebensmittelchemie
Technische Universitat Munchen
8 Munchen 2 Dr. M. C. Williams Dr. D. M. Zohary
Lothstrasse 17 University of Agriculture and Applied Department of Genetics
Nese Ruf-NR. 2105-4246 Sciences Hebrew University
West Germany Logan, Utah 84322 Jerusalem, Israel
xi
Introduction
In 1971, Dr. Quentin Jones, now of the National Hawaii, where an international panel convened to
Program Staff, SEA, USDA, suggested that the discuss and assemble information on underexploit
Plant Taxonomy Laboratory devise a format for ed tropical legumes. Conversations at that meeting
concise write-ups on 1,000 economic plants (Duke and subsequent correspondence with the partici
and Terrell, 1974; Duke et al., 1975). Dr. C. F. pants also yielded new information on some of the
Reed was contracted to search the literature on tropical legumes.
these economic plants, which included 146 species Finally in 1978, 100 copies of the writeups
of legumes. From 1971 through 1974, Dr. Reed were delivered to the International Legume Con
prepared rough drafts of write-ups on the 1,000 ference at Kew, July 24th-August 4, and all were
species. It was my responsibility to establish the given to potential cooperators before my lecture on
format and monitor the write-ups, to ensure that the manual (July 31st). New information presented
they would answer many questions on legumes in lectures at that conference and personal com
directed to the USDA by our taxpaying public. munications behind the scenes have also been used
Since then, a computerized system alerts me to to update and embellish the write-ups so that they
new publications on legumes. I have ordered for are more than a bibliographic echo.
our files copies of the more promising documents. On May 7, 1978, I was transferred from
With the evolution of the manual, many later ref USDA's Plant Taxonomy Laboratory to the Medic
erences supplanted earlier ones. Some repetitive inal Plant Resources Laboratory (now the Econom
information was dropped by condensing the ic Botany Laboratory). Since then, I have included
write-ups on secondary species within the genera. the Folk Medicine paragraph in the final format.
Informally in 1975 and formally in 1976, Dr. My computerized ecosystematic program (Duke,
Roger Polhill, Curator of Legumes, Royal Botanical 1978b) includes data not only on legumes, but on
Gardens, Kew, joined by Dr. A. S. Bunting, Pro economic plants in general, many of which are
fessor, The University of Reading, and Dr. J. P. intercropped with legumes to good advantage.
M. Brenan, Director, Royal Botanical Gardens,
Kew, conceived the splendid idea of an Interna
tional Legume Conference at Kew. We agreed that FORMAT
this would be a good forum for presentation of the
Handbook of Legumes. Beginning in 1976, I cir Except for beginning each write-up under the
culated second drafts of the individual legume heading of scientific name, there was little unan
write-ups to a mailing list of contributors. Re imity about what should be included or excluded,
sponses ranged from obloquy to praise; many con and in what order the included paragraphs should
tributors went over the drafts carefully. be arranged. I have, without sacrificing clarity,
I also benefited from attending a National adopted a terse style, often leaving out the verbs in
Academy of Science Legume Conference in Maui. descriptive sentences. Furthermore, I have gener-
1