Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, Volume II, Third Edition: Animal Models

468 Pages·2011·31.11 MB·English

by  Jann Hau

84577_cover_final.fhmx 4/1/11 11:00 AM Page 1
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
Life Sciences HHaauu
SScchhaappiirroo
VV
OO
HHaannddbbooookk ooff LLaabboorraattoorryy AAnniimmaall SScciieennccee LL
UU
MM
VVoolluummee IIII:: AAnniimmaall MMooddeellss
EE
II II
Praise for the Second Edition
“It fills a current void by collecting together current practices in the scientific use of HH
animals. Each chapter is well referenced and the book would be a valuable addition
aa
to the reference collections of animal facilities and research establishments.”
nn
—Bryan Howard, Animal Welfare, 2004
dd
“This book will be a valuable addition to the shelves of any veterinary surgeon involved
in the field, either as a named vet or as a member of the multidisciplinary scientific bb
team required in modern biomedical research.” oo
—Paul Townsend, The Veterinary Record, 2003 oo
kk
Biomedical research involving animals remains essential for the advancement of the
oo
medical, veterinary, agricultural, and biological sciences. Following in the footsteps
of its predecessors, the Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, Volume II, Third ff

Edition: Animal Models explains in great detail the comparative considerations AALL
underlying the choice of animal species and strains in different research disciplines. nnaa
iibb
mm
Features: oo
• Focuses on the pertinent comparative aspects in the multiple contexts in which aarr
laboratory animals are used llaa

• Includes chapters new to Volume II on animal models in human behavior, Parkinson’s MMtt
oo
disease, aging and Alzheimer’s disease, pain research, otolaryngological disorders,
lung physiology during anesthesia, vaccinology, helicobacter infection, biodefense oorr
ddyy
research, and hearing loss and tinnitus
ee
• Examines the spontaneous genetic mutants and the genetically modified animal AA
ll
models available within different research areas ss
nn
• Presents contributions by international experts in their respective fields
ii
• Produced with full color throughout the book, with approximately 50 color images mm
Efficient and humane experimental work with animals, in which subjects experience aa
no avoidable pain and mental distress, requires skillful and conscientious staff. To ll

this end, scientists apply the three R’s: replacing experiments on live animals with SS
alternative methods, reducing the number of animals necessary to obtain valid results cc
within experiments, and refining techniques to minimize the discomfort experienced ii
ee
by the animal subjects.
nn
cc
84577 ee
66000000 BBrrookkeenn SSoouunndd PPaarrkkwwaayy,, NNWW ISBN: 978-1-4200-8457-3
SSuuiittee 330000,, BBooccaa RRaattoonn,, FFLL 3333448877 90000
227700 MMaaddiissoonn AAvveennuuee
aann iinnffoorrmmaa bbuussiinneessss NNeeww YYoorrkk,, NNYY 1100001166
wwwwww..ccrrccpprreessss..ccoomm 22 PPaarrkk SSqquuaarree,, MMiillttoonn PPaarrkk
AAbbiinnggddoonn,, OOxxoonn OOXX1144 44RRNN,, UUKK 9 781420 084573
Handbook of
Laboratory Animal
Science
Third Edition
VOLUME II
Animal Models

Handbook of
Laboratory Animal
Science
Third Edition
VOLUME II
Animal Models
Edited by
Jann Hau
Steven J. Schapiro
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 2011902
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-8458-0 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro-
duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any
form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy-
right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica-
tion and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Editors................................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.......................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter.1
Animal.Models...................................................................................................................................1
Jann Hau
Chapter.2
Animal.Models.for.Human.Behavior...............................................................................................11
Steven J. Schapiro
Chapter.3
Animal.Models.for.Psychological.Disorders....................................................................................29
Robert Murison and Anne Marita Milde
Chapter.4
Animal.Models.in.Neuroscience......................................................................................................47
Jesper Mogensen
Chapter.5
Induced.Animal.Models.of.Parkinson’s.Disease..............................................................................75
Gaynor A. Smith, E. Murphy, Stephen B. Dunnett, and Emma L. Lane
Chapter.6
Animal.Models.in.Aging.and.Alzheimer’s.Disease.........................................................................97
Yael H. Edrey and Rochelle Buffenstein
Chapter.7
Animal.Models.in.Pain.Research...................................................................................................123
Klas S. P. Abelson and John V. Roughan
Chapter.8
Animal.Models.in.Pharmacology.and.Toxicology.........................................................................149
Otto Meyer, Ove Svendsen, and Jens Lykkesfeldt
Chapter.9
Animal.Models.for.Otolaryngological.Disorders...........................................................................185
Mikhail Wadie and Clarence T. Sasaki
v
vi Contents
Chapter.10
Animal.Models.of.Lung.Physiology.during.Anesthesia.................................................................207
Göran Hedenstierna, Görel Nyman, and Claes Frostell
Chapter.11
Animal.Models.of.Female.Reproduction.and.Fetal.Growth.and.Development.............................237
Anthony M. Carter
Chapter.12
Animal.Models.in.Vaccinology......................................................................................................255
Coenraad F. M. Hendriksen
Chapter.13
Animal.Models.in.AIDS.Research.................................................................................................269
K. Jagannadha Sastry, Pramod N. Nehete, Amy N. Courtney, and Danielle R. Fontenot
Chapter.14
Animal.Models.for.the.Study.of.Helicobacter.Infection................................................................293
Akira Nishizono
Chapter.15
Animal.Models.in.Mycology..........................................................................................................313
Henrik Elvang Jensen
Chapter.16
Animal.Models.in.Biodefense.Research.........................................................................................349
Mark A. Suckow and Patrick Sharp
Chapter.17
Animal.Models.in.Oral.Health.Sciences........................................................................................387
Björn Klinge and Jörgen Jönsson
Chapter.18
Animal.Models.of.Hearing.Loss.and.Tinnitus...............................................................................419
Richard Salvi, Edward Lobarinas, Guang-Di Chen, Daniel Stolzberg, and Dalian Ding
Preface
Most.of.our.present.knowledge.concerning.human.physiology,.microbiology,.immunology,.
pharmacology,.pathology,.and.related.disciplines.has.been.gained.from.studies.involving.animals—
from.studies.of.genetics.in.fruit.flies.to.studies.of.cellular.processes.in.genetically.modified.mice.to.
investigations.of.life-threatening.infections.in.nonhuman.primates..Biomedical.research.involving.
animals.remains.absolutely.essential.for.the.advancement.of.the.medical,.veterinary,.agricultural,.
and.biological.sciences..All.drugs.prescribed.for.use.in.humans.and.animals.have.been.developed.
and.tested.in.laboratory.animals.as.models..Noninvasive.imaging.techniques.are.optimized.in.ani-
mal.models..New.surgical.techniques.and.materials.are.evaluated.in.animals.before.they.are.applied.
in.cases.that.involve.humans.or.domestic.animals..The.dramatic.developments.in.genetics—the.
sequencing.of.the.human.genome.and.the.genomes.of.many.of.the.most.important.laboratory.ani-
mal.species,.translational.research,.and.personalized.medicines—all.rely.on.access.to.high-quality.
laboratory.animals.as.models.for.humans.
W..M..S..Russell.and.R..L..Burch.(1959).counseled.scientists.to.aim.to.apply.the.3Rs.whenever.
possible:.replacing.experiments.on.live.animals.with.alternative.methods,.reducing.the.number.of.
animals.necessary.to.obtain.valid.results.within.experiments,.and.refining.techniques.to.minimize.
the.discomfort.experienced.by.the.animal.participants..These.3Rs.form.the.cornerstones.of.laboratory.
animal.science.and.have.been.integrated.into.the.numerous.laws.and.guidelines.that.regulate.the.use.
of.animals.in.research.across.the.globe..The.3Rs.have.also.been.integrated.into.almost.every.chapter.
in.this.handbook;.replacement,.reduction,.and.refinement.are.relevant.to.virtually.all.areas.of.labora-
tory.science..Good.science.can.only.be.performed.in.environments.that.promote.animal.welfare.
Efficient.and.humane.experimental.work.with.animals,.in.which.subjects.experience.no.avoid-
able.pain.and.mental.distress,.requires.skillful.and.conscientious.staff,.including.specialist.vet-
erinarians..In.many.parts.of.the.world,.regulatory.authorities.require.that.all.staff.working.with.
laboratory.animals.must.document.relevant.competencies.in.the.field,.many.of.which.are.obtained.
through.formal.teaching.and.training.programs..Universities.around.the.world.have.established.
mandatory.courses.for.scientists.who.wish.to.use.animals.in.their.research,.and.some.have.devel-
oped.specialist.education.programs,.often.master’s.level.courses,.for.staff.to.achieve.specialist.com-
petence.in.the.treatment.of.laboratory.animals.
This.handbook.is.a.revised.third.edition.of.the.handbook.first.edited.by.Per.Svendsen.and.Jann.
Hau,.published.in.1994..Jann.Hau.and.his.old.friend.and.colleague,.Gerald.Van.Hoosier.in.Seattle,.
joined.forces.to.edit.the.second.edition..Now,.Jann.Hau.and.Steve.Schapiro,.who.have.been.friends.
and.collaborators.on.numerous.projects.for.almost.20.years,.have.teamed.up.to.revise.and.produce.
the.third.edition.of.this.Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science..The.result.is.a.truly.international.
book,.and.we.wish.to.thank.all.of.the.authors.for.their.valuable.contributions..Each.chapter.focuses.
on.an.important.subdiscipline.of.laboratory.animal.science,.and.the.chapters.can.be.read.and.used.
as.stand-alone.texts,.with.only.limited.necessity.to.consult.other.chapters.for.information..This.
approach.has.resulted.in.slight.overlaps.in.contents.in.certain.chapters,.but.we.feel.that.this.was.a.
small.price.to.pay.to.make.the.book.as.reader.friendly.as.possible.
It.is.our.hope.that.this.handbook.will.be.useful.all.over.the.world.as.a.textbook.in.laboratory.ani-
mal.science.courses.for.postgraduate.and.undergraduate.students,.and.as.a.handbook.for.scientists.
who.work.with.animals.in.their.research,.for.university.veterinarians,.for.regulators,.and.for.other.
specialists.in.laboratory.animal.science.
Jann Hau
Steven J. Schapiro
vii

Editors
Jann Hau.is.professor.in.comparative.medicine.at.the.University.of.Copenhagen.in.Denmark..
Dr..Hau.did.his.M.Sc..in.reproductive.biology.and.immunochemistry.in.1977.at.the.University.
of.Odense.in.Denmark.after.medical.and.biology.bachelor.studies,.and.specialized.in.laboratory.
animal.science..Following.research.fellowships.at.the.University.of.Odense,.he.did.his.doctorate.
(Dr. Med.).at.this.university.
In.1983,.he.joined.the.Department.of.Pathology.at.The.Royal.Veterinary.and.Agricultural.
University.(RVAU).in.Copenhagen.as.an.associate.professor.and.Head.of.the.Laboratory.Animal.
Science.Unit..He.was.later.Head.of.the.Department.of.Pathology.and.Dean.of.the.Faculty.of.Animal.
Husbandry.and.Veterinary.Science.at.the.RVAU..In.this.period.he.was.also.the.Veterinary.Research.
Council’s.member.of.the.State.Board.for.Animal.Experimentation.
In.1991,.he.moved.to.the.Royal.Veterinary.College.(RVC).in.London.as.a.professor.in.the.London.
University.Chair.in.Laboratory.Animal.Science.and.Welfare..At.the.RVC.he.was.responsible.for.the.
undergraduate.and.postgraduate.teaching.in.laboratory.animal.science.and.welfare,.which.included.
a.specialist.master.of.science.course.in.laboratory.animal.science,.which.attracted.a.number.of.
postgraduate.students.from.many.parts.of.the.world..While.in.the.U.K..he.was.Certificate.holder.
responsible.for.all.animal.experimentation.at.the.Royal.Veterinary.College,.University.of.London.
In.1996,.Dr..Hau.was.appointed.professor.in.comparative.medicine.at.Uppsala.University.in.Sweden,.
and.head.of.the.new.Department.of.Comparative.Medicine..Following.amalgamations.of.departments.
at.the.medical.faculty,.comparative.medicine.became.integrated.as.a.division.of.the.Department.of.
Physiology,.of.which.Dr..Hau.became.chairman..The.division.became.integrated.into.the.Department.
of.Neuroscience.in.2002..In.Uppsala.he.established.a.number.of.courses.for.undergraduate.students.and.
postgraduate.students,.including.specialist.education.programs..He.has.supervised.many.postgraduate.
students.(M.Sc..and.Ph.D.).from.a.number.of.countries.in.Denmark,.the.U.K.,.and.Sweden.
In.2003,.Dr..Hau.was.John.H..Blaffer.Visiting.Professor.at.the.University.of.Texas.M.D..Anderson.
Cancer.Center,.Bastrop,.Texas,.in.the.United.States..On.September.1,.2004,.Dr..Hau.was.appointed.
professor.in.comparative.medicine.and.head.of.the.Department.of.Experimental.Medicine.at.the.
University.of.Copenhagen,.The.Panum.Institute.in.Denmark.
Dr..Hau.has.published.more.than.200.peer-reviewed.papers.in.comparative.medicine.and.chap-
ters.in.books,.and.he.is.frequently.invited.to.speak.at.international.conferences.and.symposia..He.
is.the.recipient.of.prizes.awarded.for.his.research.and.contributions.to.animal.welfare..Together.
with.Dr..P..Svendsen.he.wrote.the.first.Danish.textbook.on.laboratory.animals.and.animal.experi-
ments.published.in.1981,.1985,.and.1989,.and.they.co-edited.the.first.edition.of.the.Handbook of
Laboratory Animal Science.published.in.1994..Together.with.Dr..G..Van.Hoosier.he.edited.the.2nd.
edition.of.the.Handbook,.which.was.published.in.2003.and.2004.
Dr..Hau.has.organized.several.international.meetings.and.courses.on.laboratory.animal.sci-
ence.in.many.different.countries.and.is.frequently.invited.to.lecture.at.international.courses.and.
educational.symposia..He.is.the.editor-in-chief.of.the.Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal
Science,.editor.of.the.laboratory.animals.section.of.the.UFAW.journal.Animal Welfare.and.mem-
ber.of.the.editorial.board.of.the.journal.In Vivo..He.is.a.member.of.a.number.of.laboratory.ani-
mal.science.and.primatology.organizations,.and.former.president.of.the.Scandinavian.Society.
of.Laboratory.Animal.Science.(ScandLAS).and.the.Federation.of.European.Laboratory.Animal.
Science.Associations.(FELASA)..Dr..Hau.is.a.member.of.the.AAALAC.council,.and.former.chair-
man.of.the.FELASA.Accreditation.Board.for.European.laboratory.animal.science.courses..He.is.a.
member.of.several.EU.and.international.advisory.boards.and.working.groups.on.various.aspects.of.
comparative.medicine,.laboratory.animal.science,.and.primatology.
Steven J. Schapiro.is.an.associate.professor.of.comparative.medicine.in.the.Department.of.
Veterinary.Sciences.at.the.Michale.E..Keeling.Center.for.Comparative.Medicine.and.Research.of.
ix