Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology PDF
Preview Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology
Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology James A. Kent, PhD Editor Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology Volume 1 and 2 12th Edition Editor JamesA.Kent Jupiter,FL,USA ISBN978-1-4614-4258-5 ISBN978-1-4614-4259-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4259-2 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012952590 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterial suppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythe purchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsofthe CopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication,neitherthe authorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybe made.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) To My Wife ANITA and our FIVE SONS Foreword Since the time I was a freshman in college, in 1935, I depended greatly on a fantastic source of chemical information, Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry. Later this invaluablesourcebecameKentandRiegel’sHandbookofIndustrialChemistryandBiotech- nology. I am so privileged to have this opportunity to write a Foreword for the 12th edition ofthiswork. I have used it regularly throughout all of my professional life as a Professor of Chemical Engineering for 54 years and author of 94 technical books. This book is not meant to be an encyclopedia,anditisnot.Rather,theHandbookofIndustrialChemistryandBiotechnology is a rich source of industry-wide information and insights. Designed and edited by Dr. Jim Kent, the 12th edition of this widely respected and frequently consulted reference work provides a wealth of information and guidance on industrial chemistry and biotechnology. Industriescoveredspanthespectrumfromsaltandsodaashtoadvanceddyeschemistry,the nuclear industry, the wonders of biotechnology, and, most recently, electrochemical energy storagedevices. Dr. Emil Riegel started the handbook in the 1930s, and Dr Kent assumed responsibility beginningwiththesixtheditionin1965.Overaperiodofroughly50yearsandseveneditions, underhisexpertandenthusiasticguidance,ithasgrownfromahandfulofchapters,covering mostlytheheavychemicalswhichcharacterizedthateraofthechemicalindustry,toreflectthe ever-changing nature of the industrial scene as well as the needs of scientists and engineers who work in the chemical industry. The present edition draws upon the expertise of 70 contributors, virtually all of whom are embedded in the industries they cover, and who wholeheartedlyandevenpassionatelysharetheirintimateknowledgeandinsights. Severaleditionsago,reflectinghisearlyindustryexperiencewithDowandMonsanto,Jim decided tointroduce new chapters hechooses tocall chemical industry infrastructure. Thus, theHandbookcontainschaptersonChemicalProcessSafety,EmergencyPreparedness,andthe statistical concepts which underlie process design and control, and quality control. Also, reflecting the increasingly important area of energy, the Handbook includes several nicely integratedchaptersonenergyproducingmaterialswiththebroadviewoftheirusefulnessin serving as raw material for a variety of industrial processes. Chapters on Fertilizers and AgriculturalChemicalsprovidecrucialinformationneededtofeedthegrowingpopulationof theworld.AddingachapteronSustainabilityinrecenteditionswastimelyandinspired. Some years ago, I understand, a reviewer observed that he had referred to the handbook for information on a particular topic, and left it some hours later, having been captured by several of the interesting and informative chapters on topics in which he had no profes- sional interest. The editor has retained that flavor through succeeding editions, and the contributing authors have uniformly presented their information in well-organized and very interestingchapters. I have on a great number of occasions over the years consulted successive editions of the Handbook onavarietyoftopics andneverleftwithouthavingfound exactlywhat Iwas looking for. The Handbook deserves a place in the library of every chemistry and chemical vii viii Foreword engineering department, as well as on the desk or in the library of everyone who has a responsibility in promoting, managing, regulating, or writing about any portion of the chemicalindustry.Ihavealwaysconsidereditthemosthelpfulbookinmypersonallibrary. JohnJ.McKetta,Jr.Ph.D. TheJ.C.WalterChairEmeritus DepartmentofChemicalEngineering TheUniversityofTexas,Austin,Texas,USA Preface The central aim of this book is to present an up-to-date account of the science, engineering, and industrial practices which underlie major areas of the chemical process industry. It contains 38 chapters covering various areas of that industry. It should be noted that the products and processes associated with a particular area are discussed within the context of thecorrespondingchapter,ratherthanintheisolatedmannercharacteristicofanencyclopedia. This edition of the Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, the twelfth, includesthetopicsincludedintheeleventh(2007),allofwhichhavebeencarefullyreviewed, updated, and revised as necessary. Indeed, some of the chapters have been completely rewritten by new authors. This edition also includes two entirely new chapters, Industrial Applications of Nanostructured Materials and Electrochemical Energy Storage. The Hand- book follows the essential arrangement of earlier versions, i.e., several chapters devoted to generalor“infrastructure”topics,withmostofthebookbeinggivenovertothevariousareas ofthechemicalprocessindustry.Thisincludesawealthofveryusefulinfrastructurematerial andgreatlyenhancedprocessindustrycontent.Inkeepingwithpastpractice,thechaptersare writtenbyindividualswithdemonstratedexpertiseandrealworldexperienceintheirrespec- tivefields.Alltold,theworkmayinmanyrespectsberegardedasasourcebookforpracticein thechemicalprocessindustries. The infrastructure or contextual material mentioned above is contained in three chapters which lie in the area often referred to as “green chemistry.” The first of these, titled Green Engineering: Integration of Green Chemistry, Pollution Prevention and Risk Based Considerations, provides an excellent guide for applying the methods of green chemistry andengineeringtoprocessandproductdevelopmentactivities,whetherfornewproductsand processes,orfor upgrading olderones. Written byateamofexperts inthefield, the chapter can be of considerable help to all practicing chemists and chemical engineers, as well as to studentsstudyingineitherdiscipline.Anothernewchapter,IndustrialCatalysis;APractical ix x Preface Guide,isavaluableadjuncttothe“Green”chapter,sincecatalysisisanimportantaidinthe practice ofgreenchemistry.Thethird chapterinwhat might betermed the“green” group is entitledEnvironmentalChemicalDeterminations. There is an important distinction to be made here. Green chemistry, or sustainable chemistry, is defined by that chapter’s authors as “the use of chemistry to reduce pollution atthesource,throughthedesignofchemicalproductsandprocessesthatreduceoreliminate theuseorgenerationofunwantedorhazardoussubstances.”Greenengineeringisdefinedas “the design, commercialization, and use of processes and products that are feasible and economical,yet at the same time minimize (1) generation ofpollution at the source, and (2) risk to human health and the environment.” Risk assessment methods used in pollution prevention can help quantify the degree of impact of individual chemicals, and thus are a valuabletoolforintelligentdesignofproductsandprocesses. Biotechnology first appeared in the Handbook several editions back as a chapter titled Industrial Fermentation. In later editions that chapter has evolved into four, reflecting the rapidly increasing importance of biotechnology. To paraphrase the authors of one chapter, integrating gene discovery, functional genomics, molecular evolution and design, metabolic pathwayengineering,andproductionprocessesincludingformulationofdeliverysystems,the chapter will help readers learn how to design and produce biotechnology products. Persons interestedinthebiotechnologyareawillbepleasedbythebreadthofcoveragefoundinthis handbook. Finally, the chapter entitled Biomass Conversion, introduced in the previous edition, addresses an area of great interest in connection with world energy needs. Written by a team whose primary work lies in that area, it provides comprehensive coverage of the subject,frombiomassstructureandcompositiontothermochemicalandbiologicalroutesfor conversion to energy and a host of chemicals and products including liquid transportation fuels. This chapter defines the opportunity for using sustainable sources of biomass as feedstockfornewrefineriesthatwillproducefermentablesugarsandchemicalintermediates, fromwhichseveralformsoffuelscanbemade. Asmentionedearlier,thecoreoftheHandbookcomprises30chapterswhicharedevotedto variousareasofthechemicalprocessindustry.Thisinformation,togetherwiththesupporting infrastructurematerialdescribedabove, viz.,processsafety,emergencypreparedness,statis- tical methods, green engineering and chemistry, provides in toto many sophisticated and useful tools to aid in the design of new products and processes and for the evaluation of olderones.Thehandbookshouldalsoproveusefultoindividualswhopossessabackgroundin chemistryorchemicalengineeringandworkinrelatedareassuchasregulatoryagenciesand environmentalorganizations.Amongotherbenefits,itwillhelpensurethattheworkofsuch individualsreflectsknowledgeofrelevantcontemporaryscienceandengineeringandindustry practices.Reflectingrealitiesintheworldenergysituation,theHandbook,asinpasteditions, includesachapterdevotedtothenuclearindustry. Individuals who have responsibilities in the chemical process industries are usually engaged, consciously or otherwise, in continually reviewing their operations to ensure that they are safe, efficient, and in compliance with current environmental regulations. They are also,orshouldbe,anticipatingfutureneeds.Itishopedthattheinformationcontainedherein willprovidethewherewithalbywhichchemists,chemicalengineers,andotherswhohavean interestintheprocessindustries,forwhateverreason,canensurethattheyhavetouchedevery base,dottedeveryi,andcrossedeverytintheirquesttomaketheprocessesandproductsfor whichtheyareresponsibleasenvironmentallysound,safe,andefficientaspossible. Becauseofthescopeofthebookandthelargenumberofproductsandprocessesitcovers, some redundancy is inevitable. For example, more than one chapter includes discussions of gasificationandhydrogenproduction.However,therearesignificantdifferencesinemphasis inthevariousdiscussions.Thus,ratherthandistractreadersbyreferringthemtoinformation in locations outside that of their primary interest, such topics have been left intact in the contextinwhichtheyarediscussed.
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