Handbook of industrial chemistry and biotechnology PDF
Preview Handbook of industrial chemistry and biotechnology
James A. Kent · Tilak V. Bommaraju Scott D. Barnicki Editors Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology Thirteenth Edition Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology James A. Kent (cid:129) Tilak V. Bommaraju Scott D. Barnicki Editors Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology Thirteenth Edition Editors JamesA.Kent TilakV.Bommaraju Jupiter,FL,USA GrandIsland,NY,USA ScottD.Barnicki Kingsport,TN,USA ISBN978-3-319-52285-2 ISBN978-3-319-52287-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017941535 #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublisher northeauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerial containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremains neutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland In Memoriam Ourfather,Dr.JamesA.Kent,assumedresponsibilityforthisHandbookof Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology beginning with the sixth edition in 1965. The original name was Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry started by Dr. Emil Riegel in the 1930s. In 2014 Dr. Kent enthusiastically began work on this 13th edition and continued until the time of his passing earlyin2015.Duringhis50yearsaseditor,Dr.KentgrewtheHandbookto meet the ever-changing needs of scientists and engineers in the chemical industry.Itisnowaworldwidereference,withthe13theditiontappingover 120 contributors and encompassing 42 chapters to meet the latest needs of scientistsandengineers. Ashenearedcompletionofeachneweditionhewasalreadysurveyingthe needs of the chemical industry and anticipating with excitement the topics that should be covered in the next edition. The book challenged and motivated him through much of his professional life. Also, he spoke of the constantchallengeofenlistingthebestauthorsintheworldforeachchapter. But most of all he marveled at the selfless dedication of these men and women who took the time to share the best of their knowledge and experi- enceinthemidstofbusycareersandfamilylife. Dr. Kent’s professional accomplishments set the stage for and complemented his long tenure as editor. Academically gifted, he entered West Virginia University (WVU) at the age of 16, where he earned his B.S. Ch.E. in 1943, M.S. Ch.E. in 1948, and Ph.D. in 1950. From 1950 to 1954,hewasaprojectengineerandresearchgroupleaderwithDowChemi- calandMonsanto,respectively.Beginningin1954hewasapopularprofes- sorofChemicalEngineeringatWVUwherehewasalsoaleadresearcherat the WVU Nuclear Experiment Station. Dr. Kent was oneof America’sfirst licensed nuclear reactor researchers. One of the photos below shows him (holdingafuelrod)circa1961withhisassociatesatareactorfacility. His early research accomplishments included development of wood- plastic combinations through the use of gamma-radiation. The technology wassoonprivatizedandbeganawood-plasticindustrythatcontinuestoday. He later served as WVU Engineering Associate Dean for Research and GraduateStudies.In1967Dr.KentjoinedMichiganTechnologicalUniver- sitywhereheorganizedthenewlycreatedCollegeofEngineeringandserved asitsfirstDean.HealsocreatedtheCenterforWasteManagementResearch. HisfinaluniversitypostwasasChryslerProfessorandDeanofEngineering v vi InMemoriam and Science at the University of Detroit Mercy where he oversaw major infrastructure renovations and the founding of the Polymer Research Insti- tute.In2007,torecognizeDr.Kent’sdiverseaccomplishmentsasafaculty member, WVU established the James A. Kent Endowment for Biomedical Engineering. Dr. Kent served in the U.S. Army during WW II as a Lieutenant in the 164thEngineerCombatBattalion.The164thlandedonUtahBeachaspartof the D-Day invasion. He led combat engineering activities across Europe, including battles at Andenne, Belgium, and protection of the Remagen bridgeheadinGermany. HededicatedeacheditionofthisHandbooktoAnita,hiswifeof72years. EdwardJ.Kent,Ph.D.,P.E. PalmBeachGardens,Florida Onbehalfofmybrothers;JamesJr.,David,Nicholas,andJoseph. Foreword SincethetimeIwasafreshmanincollege,in1935,Idependedgreatlyona fantastic source of chemical information, Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry. Later this invaluable source became Kent and Riegel’s Hand- bookofIndustrialChemistryandBiotechnology.Iamsoprivilegedtohave thisopportunitytowriteaForewordforthe13theditionofthiswork. IhaveuseditregularlythroughoutallmyprofessionallifeasaProfessor ofChemicalEngineeringfor54yearsandauthorof94technicalbooks.This bookisnotmeanttobeanencyclopedia,anditisnot.Rather,theHandbook ofIndustrialChemistryandBiotechnologyisarichsourceofindustry-wide information and insights. Designed and edited by Dr. Jim Kent, the 13th edition of this widely respected and frequently consulted reference work provides a wealth of information and guidance on industrial chemistry and biotechnology.Industriescoveredspanthespectrumfromsaltandsodaash toadvanceddyeschemistry,thenuclearindustry,thewondersofbiotechnol- ogy,and,mostrecently,CO utilization,electrochemicalenergyconversion 2 andstoragedevices,industrialchemistryofsteel,processcontrol,anddivid- ingwallcolumnsinthechemicalindustry. Dr.EmilRiegelstartedthehandbookinthe1930s,andDr.Kentassumed responsibility beginning with the sixth edition in 1965. Over a period of roughly 50 years and seven editions, under his expert and enthusiastic guidance, it has grown from a handful of chapters, covering mostly the heavy chemicals which characterized that era of the chemical industry, to reflecttheever-changingnatureoftheindustrialsceneaswellastheneedsof scientists and engineers who work in the chemical industry. The present edition draws upon the expertise of 120 contributors, virtually all of whom areembeddedintheindustriestheycover,andwhowholeheartedlyandeven passionatelysharetheirintimateknowledgeandinsights. Several editions ago, reflecting his early industry experience with Dow and Monsanto, Jim decided to introduce new chapters he chooses to call chemical industry infrastructure. Thus, the Handbook contains chapters on Chemical Process Safety, Emergency Preparedness, and the statistical concepts which underlie process design and control, and quality control. Also, reflecting the increasinglyimportant area ofenergyand environment, the Handbook includes several nicely integrated chapters on energy vii viii Foreword producingmaterialswiththebroadviewoftheirusefulnessinservingasraw material for a variety of industrial processes. Chapters on Fertilizers and AgriculturalChemicalsprovidecrucialinformationneededtofeedthegrow- ing population of the world. Adding a chapter on Sustainability in recent editionswastimelyandinspired. Someyearsago,Iunderstand,areviewerobservedthathehadreferredto the handbook for information on a particular topic, and left it some hours later, having been captured by several of the interesting and informative chapters on topics in which he had no professional interest. The editor has retainedthatflavorthroughsucceedingeditions,andthecontributingauthors have uniformly presented their information in well-organized and very interestingchapters. Ihaveonagreatnumberofoccasionsovertheyearsconsultedsuccessive editionsoftheHandbookonavarietyoftopicsandneverleftwithouthaving foundexactlywhatIwaslookingfor.TheHandbookdeservesaplaceinthe library ofeverychemistry andchemical engineering department,aswell as onthedeskorinthelibraryofeveryonewhohasaresponsibilityinpromot- ing, managing, regulating, or writing about any portion of the chemical industry. I have always considered it the most helpful book in my personal library. DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, JohnJ.McKetta,Jr. TheUniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,USA December6,2016 Preface Theprimaryobjectiveofthisbookistopresentanup-to-dateaccountofthe scienceandengineeringandindustrialpracticewhichunderliemajorareasof the chemical process industry. The heart of the book is contained in 42 chapters covering seven areas of the chemical process industry. It is to benotedthattheproductsandprocessesassociatedwithaparticularareaare discussed in the context of the corresponding chapter rather than in the isolatedmannercharacteristicofanencyclopedia. ThiseditionoftheHandbookofIndustrialChemistryandBiotechnology, the13th,includesthetopicsaddressedinthe12thedition,allofwhichhave beencarefullyreviewed,updated,andrevisedasnecessary.Inaddition,this edition includes six entirely new Chaps. 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, and 40. This editionstartsoffwithdefiningindustrialchemistryasthemanufacturingart concerned with the transformation of matter into useful materials in useful amounts.Thistransformationofavailablematerialsintomoredesirableones involvessomekindofaprocess,followingarecipe.Inturntheprocessmay involve grinding, mixing together various ingredients, dissolving, heating, allowingingredientstointeract(chemicallyorbiochemicallyreactforming new compositions of matter), cooling, evaporating or distilling, growing crystals,filtering,andotherphysical-chemical-biologicaloperations. Unlike in the previous editions, the 13th edition is organized into seven sections,eachsectionbeingdevotedtoaspecificareaofindustrialchemistry and biotechnology. These sections, each containing several relevant topics, are as follows: Section 1: Raw Materials for the Chemical Process Industries, Section 2: Industrial Organic Chemistry, Section 3: Indus- trial Inorganic Chemistry, Section 4: Polymer Chemistry, Section 5: Biochemistry, Section 6: Emerging Fields of Industrial Chemistry, and Section7:IndustrialProcessingandEngineering. This version also introduces a wealth of new, timely, and very useful “infrastructure” material, especially dealing with electrochemical energy conversionandstorage,processcontrolandlatestdevelopmentsindistilla- tiontechnologies,andCO capture,storage,andutilization.Wealsointro- 2 duceachapteronindustrialchemistryofsteel,acommonlyusedmaterialin theindustrialworld.Thischapterdiscussesnotonlytheproductionprocesses of steel making but also the chemistry involved in these processes, and the ix x Preface economics, environmental, and safety aspects of making steel. In keeping with past practice, all the chapters have been written by individuals with demonstratedexpertiseintheirrespectivefieldsandbeenupdatedbyinclud- ing the latest statistics and technological developments. All told, the work may in many respects be regarded as a sourcebook for practice in the chemicalprocessindustries. Concerning the infrastructure or contextual material mentioned above, Section 1 of the Handbook addresses the various raw materials that are the basis of chemical industries. These include petroleum, coal, natural gas, wood,andbiomasswhicharethenucleiofmajorindustrialoperations.The chapter on “Biomass Conversion” is included in this section as it is the feedstockfornewrefineriesthatwillproducefermentablesugarsandchemi- cal intermediates from which much needed forms of fuels can be made. Writtenbyateamwhoseprimaryworkliesinthatarea,itprovidescompre- hensive coverage of the subject from biomass structure and composition to thermochemicalandbiologicalroutesforconversiontoenergyandahostof chemicalsandproductsincludingliquidtransportationfuels. Section 2 covers industrial organic chemistry based processes, which starts with an introduction to synthetic organic chemicals produced by the transformation of carbonaceous feedstocks into functionalized molecules through one or more chemical reactions. This is followed by a detailed descriptionofpharmaceuticalchemistry,thechemistryofdyeintermediates, structural adhesives, the agrochemical industry, fertilizers, pigments, dyes, polymer coatings and printing inks, animal and vegetable fats, oils and waxes, sugars, soaps, fatty acids and synthetic detergents, chemical explosives,andthenuclearindustryinChaps.8–18. Section 3, which includes Chaps. 19–23, deals with synthetic nitrogen products,phosphorusandphosphates,sulfurandsulfuricacid,salt,thechlor- alkaliindustry,andindustrialgases. Section 4 addresses manufactured textile fibers, synthetic resins and plastics,andrubberinChaps.24–26. Section 5 is comprised of topics in Biochemistry. Biotechnology first appeared in the (formerly) Riegel’s Handbook some time ago as a chapter titled“IndustrialFermentation.”Ithassincebeenupdatedseveraltimesand morerecentlywasjoinedbyachapteron“IndustrialCellCulture.”Also,as mightbeexpectedbypersonsknowledgeableinthefield,Chap.14“Animal andVegetableFats,Oils,andWaxes”isrichinrelatedbiotechnicalcontent, asiseffectivelydescribedinthechapter’searlypages.Chapter27introduces the industrialaspects ofbiotechnology fromthe discoverystage todelivery stage. The focus of Section 6 is emerging technologies, which include nanotechnologies,energyconversionandstorage,andCO capture,storage, 2 and utilization. The chapter on nanoparticles discusses basic principles for the formation of nanomaterials and their applications which have already madeasocietalimpactandisshapingourlives. The presently available renewable energy sources include wind, solar, tidal,biomass,andgeothermal.Tomakeanefficientuseofthesesources,itis essential that a reliable energy storage approach is available. Batteries, in
The list of books you might like
