Handbook of in Vivo Chemistry in Mice From Lab to Living System

563 Pages·2020·20.318 MB·English

by  Tanaka, Katsunori, Vong, Kenward

HandbookofInVivoChemistryinMice

Handbook of In Vivo Chemistry in Mice
FromLabtoLivingSystem
Editedby
KatsunoriTanaka
KenwardVong
Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCH
arecarefullyproduced.Nevertheless,
Prof.KatsunoriTanaka authors,editors,andpublisherdonot
RIKEN warranttheinformationcontainedin
BiofunctionalSyntheticChemistryLab thesebooks,includingthisbook,to
2-1Hirosawa,Wako befreeoferrors.Readersareadvised
351-0198Saitama tokeepinmindthatstatements,data,
Japan illustrations,proceduraldetailsorother
itemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Dr.KenwardVong
RIKEN LibraryofCongressCardNo.:
BiofunctionalSyntheticChemistryLab appliedfor
2-1Hirosawa,Wako
351-0198Saitama BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication
Japan Data
Acataloguerecordforthisbookis
Cover availablefromtheBritishLibrary.
©DecoImagesII/AlamyStockPhoto
Bibliographicinformationpublishedby
theDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliotheklists
thispublicationintheDeutsche
Nationalbibliografie;detailed
bibliographicdataareavailableonthe
Internetat<http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
©2020Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&
Co.KGaA,Boschstr.12,69469
Weinheim,Germany
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof
translationintootherlanguages).No
partofthisbookmaybereproducedin
anyform–byphotoprinting,
microfilm,oranyothermeans–nor
transmittedortranslatedintoa
machinelanguagewithoutwritten
permissionfromthepublishers.
Registerednames,trademarks,etc.used
inthisbook,evenwhennotspecifically
markedassuch,arenottobe
consideredunprotectedbylaw.
PrintISBN:978-3-527-34432-1
ePDFISBN:978-3-527-34437-6
ePubISBN:978-3-527-34441-3
oBookISBN:978-3-527-34440-6
TypesettingSPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintingandBinding
Printedonacid-freepaper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
1 SummaryofCurrentlyAvailableMouseModels 1
AmiIto,NamikoIto,KimieNiimi,TakashiArai,andEikiTakahashi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 OriginandHistoryofLaboratoryMice 2
1.3 LaboratoryMouseStrains 3
1.3.1 Wild-DerivedMice 3
1.3.2 InbredMice 4
1.3.3 HybridMice 4
1.3.4 OutbredStocks 8
1.3.5 ClosedColony 8
1.3.6 CongenicMice 8
1.4 MutantMice 9
1.4.1 Spontaneous 9
1.4.2 Transgenesis 9
1.4.3 TargetedMutagenesis 11
1.4.4 InducibleMutagenesis 13
1.4.5 Cre–loxPSystem 13
1.4.6 CRISPR/Cas9System 15
1.5 ResourcesofLaboratoryStrains 16
1.6 Germ-FreeMice 16
1.7 GnotobioticMice 18
1.8 SpecificPathogen-FreeMice 18
1.9 ImmunocompetentandImmunodeficientMice 18
1.10 MouseHealthMonitoring 19
1.11 ProductionandMaintenanceofMouseColony 19
1.11.1 ProductionPlanning 19
1.11.2 BreedingSystemsandMatingSchemes 19
1.12 Mating 21
1.13 GestationPeriod 21
1.14 Parturition 21
1.15 ParentalBehaviorandRearingPups 21
1.16 GrowthofPups 22
1.17 ReproductiveLifespan 23
1.18 RecordKeepingandColonyOrganization 23
vi Contents
1.19 AnimalIdentification 24
1.20 AnimalModelsinPreclinicalResearch 24
References 29
2 GeneralNotesofChemicalAdministrationtoLiveAnimals 33
AmiIto,NamikoIto,TakashiArai,EikiTakahashi,andKimieNiimi
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Restraint 34
2.2.1 One-HandedRestraint 34
2.2.2 Two-HandedRestraint 34
2.3 Substances 34
2.3.1 SubstanceCharacteristics 34
2.3.2 VehicleCharacteristics 35
2.3.3 FrequencyandVolumeofAdministration 36
2.3.4 NeedleSize 37
2.4 Anesthesia 37
2.4.1 InhaledAgents 38
2.4.2 InjectableAgents 38
2.5 Euthanasia 40
2.6 Administration 41
2.6.1 EnteralAdministration 42
2.6.1.1 OralAdministration 42
2.6.1.2 IntragastricAdministration 42
2.6.2 ParenteralAdministration 42
2.6.2.1 SubcutaneousAdministration 44
2.6.2.2 IntraperitonealAdministration 44
2.6.2.3 IntravenousAdministration 46
2.6.2.4 IntramuscularAdministration 46
2.6.2.5 IntranasalAdministration 46
2.6.2.6 IntradermalAdministration 46
2.6.2.7 EpicutaneousAdministration 46
2.6.2.8 IntratrachealAdministration 51
2.6.2.9 InhalationalAdministration 51
2.6.2.10 Retro-orbitalAdministration 52
References 53
3 Optical-BasedDetectioninLiveAnimals 55
MikakoOgawaandHideoTakakura
3.1 Introduction 55
3.1.1 BasicsofLuminescence 55
3.1.2 AppropriateWavelengthsforLiveAnimalImaging 56
3.1.3 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofInVivoOpticalImaging 58
3.2 FluorescenceImaginginLiveAnimals 58
3.2.1 FluorescentMoleculesforLiveAnimalImaging 58
3.2.2 HowtoDetectFluorescenceinLiveAnimals? 61
3.2.3 ActivatableProbes 62
3.2.4 Microscope 68
Contents vii
3.2.5 ApplicationofFluorescenceImagingtoDrugDevelopment 68
3.3 LuminescenceImaginginLiveAnimals 69
3.3.1 LuminescenceSystemsforLiveAnimalImaging 70
3.3.1.1 Firefly/BeetleLuciferin–LuciferaseSystem 70
3.3.1.2 Coelenterazine-DependentLuciferaseSystem 76
3.3.1.3 ChemiluminescenceSystem 82
3.3.2 HowtoDetectLuminescenceinLiveAnimals? 84
3.3.3 Luciferase-BasedBioluminescenceProbesforInVivoImaging 84
3.4 Summary 87
References 87
4 UltrasoundImaginginLiveAnimals 103
FrancescoFaita
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 High-FrequencyUltrasoundImaging 105
4.3 UltrasoundContrastAgents 109
4.4 PhotoacousticImaging 112
4.5 PreclinicalApplications 115
4.5.1 Cardiovascular 115
4.5.2 Oncology 120
4.5.3 DevelopmentalBiology 121
References 123
5 PositronEmissionTomography(PET)ImaginginLive
Animals 127
XiaoweiMaandZhenCheng
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 BriefHistoryofPET 128
5.3 PrinciplesofPET 129
5.4 Small-AnimalPETScanners 133
5.5 PETImagingTracers 134
5.5.1 MetabolicProbe 134
5.5.2 SpecificReceptorTargetingProbe 135
5.5.3 GeneExpression 136
5.5.4 SpecificEnzymeSubstrate 137
5.5.5 MicroenvironmentProbe 137
5.5.6 BiologicalProcesses 138
5.5.7 PerfusionProbes 140
5.5.8 Nanoparticles 140
5.6 PETinAnimalImaging 141
5.6.1 PETinOncologyModel 141
5.6.1.1 CancerDiagnosis 142
5.6.1.2 PersonalTreatmentScreening 142
5.6.1.3 TherapeuticEffectMonitoring 143
5.6.1.4 RadiotherapyPlanning 144
5.6.1.5 DrugDiscovery 144
5.6.2 PETinCardiologyModel 145
viii Contents
5.6.3 PETinNeurologyModel 146
5.6.4 PETImaginginOtherDiseaseModels 147
5.7 PETImageAnalysis 147
5.8 OutlookfortheFuture 148
Reference 149
6 Single-PhotonEmissionComputedTomographicImagingin
LiveAnimals 151
YusukeYagi,HidekazuKawashima,KenjiArimitsu,KokiHasegawa,and
HiroyukiKimura
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 SPECTDevicesUsedinSmallAnimals 152
6.2.1 InnovativePreclinicalFull-BodySPECTImagerforRatsandMice:
γ-CUBE 155
6.2.2 InnovativePreclinicalFull-BodyPETImagerforRatsandMice:
β-CUBE 156
6.2.3 InnovativePreclinicalFull-BodyCTImagerforRatsandMice:
X-CUBE 156
6.2.4 AnimalMonitoring:ItsImportanceandOverviewofMOLECUBES’s
IntegratedSolutiontoAdvancePhysiologicalMonitoring 157
6.2.5 SelectedApplicationsAcquiredontheCUBES 157
6.2.5.1 SPECTImagingwithγ-CUBE 158
6.2.5.2 PETImagingwithβ-CUBE 158
6.2.5.3 CTImagingwithX-CUBE 161
6.3 CharacteristicsofSPECTRadionuclidesandSPECTImaging
Probes 162
6.3.1 CharacteristicsofSPECTRadionuclides 162
6.3.2 CharacteristicsofSPECTImagingProbes 162
6.4 Radiolabeling 163
6.4.1 CharacteristicofRadiolabeling 164
6.4.2 RadiolabelingwithTechnetium-99m 164
6.4.3 RadiolabelingwithIodine-123andIodine-131 171
6.4.4 RadioactiveIodineLabelingforSmallMolecularCompounds 171
6.4.5 AromaticElectrophilicSubstitutionReaction 171
6.5 InVivoImagingofDiseaseModels 172
6.5.1 ImagingofCentralNervousSystemDisease 173
6.5.1.1 Alzheimer’sDisease 173
6.5.1.2 Parkinson’sDisease 174
6.5.1.3 CerebralIschemia 176
6.5.2 ImagingofCardiovascularDisease 177
6.5.2.1 AtheroscleroticPlaque 177
6.5.2.2 MyocardialIschemia 177
6.5.2.3 ImagingofCancer 178
6.6 Conclusions 179
References 180