Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology (2nd Ed.) – Elsevier William Andrew PDF
Preview Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology (2nd Ed.) – Elsevier William Andrew
Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology Second Edition K. Byrappa Masahiro Yoshimura AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SANDIEGO (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) WilliamAndrewisanimprintofElsevier WilliamAndrewisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Firstedition2006 Secondedition2013 Copyright©2013ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(144)(0)1865843830;fax(144)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonline byvisitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, andselectingObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial. Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromany useoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-375090-7 ForinformationonallWilliamAndrewpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India www.adi-mps.com PrintedandboundinUnitedStatesofAmerica 13141516987654321 Dedication To our mothers Puttamma Katsuko Preface The term hydrothermal is purely of geological origin. It was first used by the British geologist, Sir Roderick Murchison (179221871), to describe the action of water at elevated temperature and pressure inbringing about changesin the Earth’s crust, and leading to the formation of various rocks and minerals. Geologists car- ried out the earliest work on the hydrothermal technique in the nineteenth century in order to understand the genesis of rocks and minerals by simulating the natural conditions existing under the Earth’s crust. However, materials scientists popular- izedthetechnique,particularlyduring1940s.Schafhautl,whoobtainedquartzcrys- tals upon freshly precipitated silicic acid in a Papin’s Digester, carried out the first hydrothermal synthesis in 1845. Subsequently, hydrothermal synthesis of a wide varietyofmineralswascarriedout,especiallyinEurope. The largest-known single crystal formed in nature (beryl crystal of .1000kg) andsomeofthelargest quantitiesofsinglecrystals created inoneexperimentalrun (quartzcrystalsof .1000kg)arebothofhydrothermalorigin. The first successful commercial application of hydrothermal technology began with mineral extraction or ore beneficiation in the nineteenth century. With the beginning of the synthesis of large single crystals of quartz by Nacken (1946) and zeolites by Barrer (1948), the commercial importance of the hydrothermal tech- niqueforthesynthesisofinorganiccompoundswasrealized. The general acceptance of plate tectonics theory during the mid-1970s garnered muchinterestingeochemicalprocessesatplateboundaries,whichledtothediscov- ery of hydrothermal activity in the deep sea directly on the Galapagos Spreading Center in 1977, and a large number of other spectacular submarine hydrothermal systemsofglobalsignificancetooceanchemistryandgeochemistry.Infact,thisdis- covery has led to a new thinking in marine biology, geochemistry, and economic geology, and has spawned an entirely new term, namely, hydrothermal ecosystem, whichmeanswater-containingterrestrial,subterranean,andsubmarinehightemper- ature environments, which are the sites of investigations for many palaeobiologists and biologists looking for primitive forms of life. It is strongly believed that the roots of life on Earth can be found in hydrothermal ecosystems. These ecosystems mayalsoserveasananalogueforthepossibleoriginoflifeonMars,whereasimilar environmentmighthaveexistedorstillexists. Earth is a blue planet of the universe where water is an essential component. Circulation of water and other components such as entropy (energy) are driven by water vapor and heat (either external or internal). Water has a very important role intheformationofmaterialortransformationofmaterialsinnature,andhydrother- malcirculationhasalwaysbeenassistedbybacterial activity.
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