Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Third Edition PDF
Preview Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Third Edition
HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS Third Edition Edited by Gavriel Salvendy Purdue University WestLafayette, Indiana and Tsinghua University Beijing, People’sRepublic of China JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright2006byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe 1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpayment oftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)646-8600,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothe PermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008, oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Disclaimer Theeditor,authors,andthepublisherhavemadeeveryefforttoprovideaccurateandcompleteinformationintheHandbook buttheHandbookisnotintendedtoserveasareplacementforprofessionaladvice.Anyuseoftheinformationinthis Handbookisatthereader’sdiscretion.Theeditor,authors,andthepublisherspecificallydisclaimanyandallliabilityarising directlyorindirectlyfromtheuseorapplicationofanyinformationcontainedinthisHandbook.Anappropriateprofessional shouldbeconsultedregardingyourspecificsituation. Forgeneralinformationaboutourotherproductsandservices,pleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnited Statesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein electronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Handbookofhumanfactorsandergonomics/editedbyGavrielSalvendy.–3rd ed. p.cm. ISBN-13978-0-471-44917-1 (Cloth) ISBN-100-471-44917-2(Cloth) 1. Humanengineering–Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Salvendy,Gavriel,1938- TA166.H2752005 620.8(cid:1)2–dc22 2005003111 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 ABOUT THE EDITOR GavrielSalvendyisaprofessorof industrial engineeringatPurdueUniversityandChair,Professor,and Head of the Department of Industrial Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. He is the author and co-author of over 430 research publications, including over 230 journal papers, and is the author or editor of 28 books. His publications have appeared in seven languages. Gavriel Salvendy is the founding editor of the International Journal on Human–Computer Interaction and Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing. He was the founding chair of the International Commission on Human Aspects in Computing, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990 he became the first member of either the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society or the International Ergonomics Association to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He was elected “for fundamental contributions to and professional leadership in human, physical, and cognitive aspects of engineeringsystems.”In1995hereceivedanhonorarydoctoratefromtheChineseAcademyofScience “for great contributions to the development of science and technology and for the great influence upon thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinChina.”Heisthefourthpersoninallfieldsofscienceand engineering in the 45 years of the Academy ever to receive this award. He is an honorary fellow and life member of the Ergonomics Societyandfellow of Human FactorsandErgonomics Society,Institute of Industrial Engineers, and the American Psychological Association. He has advised organizations in 30 countries on the human side of effective design, implementation, and management of advanced technologies in the workplace. He earned his Ph.D. in engineering production at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. v ADVISORY BOARD Sebastiano Bagnara Erik Hollnagel Institute of Psychology CNR Professor Rome, Italy Department of Computer and Information Science LIU/IDA/CSELAB Kenneth R. Boff University of Linko¨ping Chief Scientist Linko¨ping, Sweden Human Effectiveness Division Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Sylvia Horner Director, Human Factors Quintec Associates Limited Hans-Joerg Bullinger Farnham, Surrey, England President Franhoffer Society Munich, Germany Sheue-Ling Hwang Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Donald Chaffin Tsinghua University R. G. Snyder Distinguished University Professor Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China and G. Lawton and Louise G. Johnson Professor University of Michigan Waldemar Karwowski Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor and Director Center for Industrial Ergonomics University of Louisville Colin G. Drury Louisville, Kentucky U.B. Distinguished Professor and Chair Department of Industrial Engineering University of Buffalo: State University of New Danuta Koradecka York Director Buffalo, New York Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute Warsaw, Poland Martin G. Helander Professor School of Mechanical and Aerospace K. Ronald Laughery, Jr. Engineering President Nanyang Technological University Micro Analysis and Design, Inc. Singapore Boulder, Colorado vii viii ADVISORYBOARD Thomas Leamon Robert W. Proctor Director and Vice President Professor Liberty Mutual Research Center Department of Psychological Sciences Hopkinton, Massachusetts Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Mark Lehto Associate Professor William B. Rouse School of Industrial Engineering Executive Director & Professor Purdue University Tennenbaum Institute West Lafayette, Indiana Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Holger Luczak Director and Chair Institute of Industrial Engineering and Wang Sheng Ergonomics Professor Research Institute for Rationalization and Department of Occupational Health Operations Management Beijing Medical University Aachen, Germany Beijing, People’s Republic of China Andrew Monk Cornell Medical Center–Westchester Michael J. Smith White Plains, New York The Duane H. and Dorothy M. Bluemke Professor of Engineering Vladimir Munopov Department of Industrial and Systems President of Applied Ergonomics Association Engineering and Professor University of Wisconsin–Madison Electronics and Automation Madison, Wisconsin Moscow State Institute of Radioengineering Moscow, Russia Thomas Stewart Editor, BIT Masamitsu Oshima System Concepts, Ltd. Director London, England Institute for Health Sciences Akasaka, Minato-ku Tokyo, Japan John Wilson Professor of Human Factors Kyung Park Institute of Occupational Ergonomics Professor University of Nottingham Korea Advanced Institute of Science Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England and Technology Taejon, Korea CONTRIBUTORS Chadia Abras Carolyn K. Bensel Director, Educational Technology & Distance Senior Research Psychologist Learning Supporting Science and Technology Directorate Graduate & Professional Studies U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center Goucher College Kansas Street 1021 Dulaney Valley Road Natick, Massachusetts Baltimore, Maryland [email protected] [email protected] Margherita Antona Kenneth R. Boff Research Associate Chief Scientist Foundation for Research and Human Effectiveness Division Technology–Hellas (FORTH) Air Force Research Laboratory Institute of Computer Science Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Vassilika Vouton [email protected] Heraklion, Crete, Greece [email protected] Walter C. Borman Susan Archer Professor Director of Operations Department of Psychology Micro Analysis and Design, Inc. University of South Florida 4949 Pearl East Circle 4202 Fowler Avenue Boulder, Colorado Tampa, Florida [email protected] [email protected] Nuray Aykin Director of Special Projects Peter R. Boyce Office of the President Consultant The New School 60, Riverside Close, 55 West 13th Street, Room 211 Bridge, Canterbury, Kent, Great Britain New York, New York [email protected] [email protected] Kevin B. Bennett Martin Braun Professor and Graduate Program Director Senior Scientist Department of Psychology Fraunhofer-Institut fu¨r Arbeitswirtschaft und Wright State University Organisation (IAO) 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway Nobelstrasse 12 Dayton, Ohio Stuttgart, Germany [email protected] [email protected] ix x CONTRIBUTORS Michael A. Campion Patrick G. Dempsey Professor of Management Director of Experimental Programs Krannert Graduate School of Management Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety Purdue University 71 Frankland Road 403 West State Street Hopkinton, Massachusetts West Lafayette, Indiana [email protected] [email protected] Karen M. Dettinger Pascale Carayon University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics Proctor & Gamble Bascom Professor in Total Madison, Wisconsin Quality [email protected] Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Colin G. Drury Director of the Center for Quality and UB Distinguished Professor and Chair Productivity Improvement Department of Industrial Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison University at Buffalo: State University of 610 Walnut Street, 575 WARF New York Madison, Wisconsin 438 Bell Hall [email protected] Buffalo, New York [email protected] C. Melody Carswell Associate Professor David W. Eby Department of Psychology Associate Professor and Head University of Kentucky Social and Behavioral Division Research 205 Kastle Hall University of Michigan Transportation Research Lexington, Kentucky Institute [email protected] 2901 Baxter Road Ann Arbor, Michigan John G. Casali [email protected] John Grado Professor Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Paula J. Edwards Engineering Research Assistant Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Institute for Health Systems Engineering University Georgia Institute of Technology Blacksburg, Virginia, Atlanta, Georgia [email protected] [email protected] Joseph Cohn Gabriele Elke Naval Research Laboratory Department of Psychology 4555 Overlook Avenue SW Ruhr University–Bochum Washington, D.C. Postfach 102148 [email protected] Bochum, Germany [email protected] Sara J. Czaja Professor and Co-Director Mica R. Endsley Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Center President on Aging Sciences SA Technologies, Inc. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 3750 Palladian Village Drive 1695 NW 9th Avenue, Suite 3208G Building 600 Miami, Florida Marietta, Georgia [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xi Donald L. Fisher Lorenz Hagenmeyer Professor Senior Scientist Department of Mechanical and Industrial Fraunhofer-Institut fu¨r Arbeitswirtschaft und Engineering Organisation (IAO) University of Massachusetts Amherst Nobelstrasse 12 Marston Hall, 130 Natural Resources Road Stuttgart, Germany Amherst, Massachusetts [email protected] fi[email protected] Jerry W. Hedge Arthur D. Fisk President Professor Organizational Solutions Group School of Psychology 449 Gum Street Georgia Institute of Technology Holly Hill, South Carolina 654 Cherry Street [email protected] Atlanta, Georgia [email protected] Martin G. Helander Professor School of Mechanical and Aerospace John M. Flach Engineering Professor and Chair Nanyang Technological University Department of Psychology Singapore Wright State University [email protected] 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway Dayton, Ohio john.fl[email protected] Erik Hollnagel Professor Department of Computer and Information Wolfgang Friesdorf Science Professor LIU/IDA/CSELAB Department of Human Factors and Product University of Linko¨ping Ergonomics Linko¨ping, Sweden Technische Universitat Berlin [email protected] Fasanenstrasse 1/1 Berlin, Germany Pia Honold Quaet-Faslem [email protected] User Interface Designer Strategy and Marketing: User Experience Michael J. Griffin Siemens AG Information and Communication Professor Mobile Institute of Sound and Vibration Research Haidenauplatz 1 University of Southampton Munich, Germany Southampton, Hampshire, England [email protected] [email protected] Juan Pablo Hourcade Joseph W. Guthrie Assistant Professor Institute of Simulation and Training Department of Computer Science University of Central Florida 14 Machean Hall 3100 Technology Parkway University of Iowa Orlando, Florida Iowa City, IA 52242 [email protected] [email protected] xii CONTRIBUTORS Heidi D. Howarth Jolanta Karpowicz Engineering Psychologist Head of the Laboratory of Electromagnetic Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Hazards U.S. Department of Transportation Central Institute for Labour Protection 55 Broadway, Kendall Square National Research Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts Czerniakowska 16 [email protected] Warsaw, Poland [email protected] Jeffrey A. Hudson General Dynamics AIS Waldemar Karwowski 5200 Springfield Pike, Suite 200 Professor and Director Dayton, Ohio Center for Industrial Ergonomics [email protected] University of Louisville Lutz Hall, Room 445 Julie A. Jacko Warnock Street Professor Louisville, Kentucky Institute for Health Systems Engineering [email protected] Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Halimahtun M. Khalid Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory Director University School of Medicine Damai Sciences 313 Ferst Drive A-31-3 Suasana Sentral Atlanta, Georgia Jalan Stesen Sentral 5 [email protected] 50470 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Elz˙bieta Jankowska [email protected] Head of the Laboratory of Filtration and Ventilation Mika Kivima¨ki Central Institute for Labour Protection Professor of Occupational Health Psychology National Research Institute Department of Psychology Czerniakowska 16 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Warsaw, Poland Topeliuksenkatu 41 aA Helsinki, Finland Tanja Kabel Mika.Kivimaki@ttl.fi Research Assistant Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics Thitima Kongnakorn RWTH Aachen University Graduate Assistant Bergdriesch 27 School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Aachen, Germany Georgia Institute of Technology [email protected] 765 Ferst Drive Atlanta, Georgia Barry H. Kantowitz Professor of Industrial and Operations Danuta Koradecka Engineering Director Professor of Psychology Central Institute for Labour Protection University of Michigan Transportation Research National Research Institute Institute, 2901 Baxter Road Czerniakowska 16 Ann Arbor, Michigan Warsaw, Poland [email protected] [email protected]
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