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The Handbook Highway of Engineering Edited by T. F. Fwa Boca Raton London New York A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1986_Discl.fm Page 1 Thursday, August 18, 2005 8:51 AM Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1986-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1986-0 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005051480 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of highway engineering / edited by T.F. Fwa. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1986-2 (alk. paper) 1. Highway engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Fwa, T. F. TE151.H344 2006 625.7--dc22 2005051480 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC This Handbook is dedicated to all highway engineers who have contributed significantly to human mobility and interaction © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Asafeandefficientlandtransportationsystemisanessentialelementofsustainableregionalornational economy. Roads have been and continue to be the backbone of the land transportation network that provides the accessibility for the required mobility to support economic growth and promote social activities.Asmoreandmoreadvancedandspeedymodesoftransportationaredevelopedovertime,and astheeconomicactivitiesofthehumansocietygrowinpaceandsophistication,therolesofroadshave multiplied and their importance increased. At the same time, the potential adverse impacts of road development have also grown in magnitude, especially when proper planning, design, construction or managementisnotcarriedout. To fully exploit the benefits of highway development and minimize possible adverse influences, the study of highway engineering must expand from merely meeting the basic needs of offering safe andspeedyaccessfromonepointtoanother,toafieldofstudythatnotonlycoversthestructuraland functional requirements of highways and city streets, but also addresses the socio-economic and environmental impacts of road network development. Traditional engineering curriculum does not adequately cover these somewhat “softer” aspects of highway engineering and the societal roles of highway engineers. It is the intention of this Handbook to provide the deserved attention to these topics by devoting Part Awith five chapters on issues related to highway planning and development. Few professionals willdisagree that thehighwayengineer today must havesufficient knowledge in the areasofhighwayfinancing,accessmanagement,environmentalimpacts,roadsafetyandnoise.Thefive chaptersshouldprovidethenecessaryinformationonthesocialandenvironmentalresponsibilitiesofa highwayengineer to the undergraduate student of civil engineering and the graduate research student in highway engineering. In addition, the highway engineer and the general reader would find an in-depth up-to-date account of the trend towardprivatization of highwaydevelopment and financing of highway projects. PartsBandCoftheHandbookcoverthemoretraditionalcoreaspectsofhighwayengineering.PartB onthefunctionalandstructuraldesignofhighwaysisorganizedinto8chapters.Thechaptersofferan extensive coverage on the technical issues of highway and pavement engineering. The chapter contributors have made special efforts to explain the latest developments and comment on the future trends intheir respectivechapters. These chaptersadequately address theundergraduate and graduate curricular needs in understanding the principles and theories of highway and pavement engineering. Theyalsoupdatetheprofessionalhighwayengineeronnewconceptsandideasinthefieldofstudy.The chapteronhighwaymaterialsisespeciallytimelyinviewoftheexperiencesgatheredsincethemid1990s from implementation of the Superpave technology in asphalt mix design and performance grading of asphaltcement.Thechaptersonstructuraldesignofpavementsandpavementoverlaydesignalsopresent theconceptsofthenew mechanistic-empirical designapproachesadvancedby the2002 DesignGuide whichhasyettobeadoptedbyAASHTO.Thechapterondesignofconcretepavementsintroducesnew vii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Preface closed-form solutions for deflection and stress computation of multi-slab systems, and easy-to-use softwareisprovidedwiththeHandbook.ThesoftwareisavailableontheCRCwebsite. PartCdealswithconstruction,maintenanceandmanagementofhighways.Whilemaintenanceand management of highways are of primary concern in developed countries with an established highway network, it would be unwise for developing countries to ignore them in their highway network development programs where road construction activities are taking central stage. Experience in both developing and developed countries has shown that a sustainable highway infrastructure development programmustadoptatotalhighwaymanagementapproachthattakesintoconsiderationtheentirelife- cycleneedsoftheroadnetwork.Thisconceptiswellexplainedinthethreechaptersthataddresshighway assetmanagement,pavementmanagement,andbridgemanagement,respectively.Equipment,toolsand analyticaltechniquesforconditionsurveys,andstructuralandsafetyperformanceevaluationinsupport of the total highway management are found in other chapters in Part C. The chapter on pavement evaluation presents useful software for non-destructive pavement structural evaluation. It contains closed-formbackcalculationcomputerprogramsforbothrigidandflexiblepavements.Thesoftwareis foundontheCRCwebsite.Itshouldbehighlightedthathighwayagencieshaveinthepastdecadesbegun toapplytheconceptofassetmanagementtothedevelopment,operationandimprovementofhighway assetsinasystematicmanner.ThechapteronHighwayAssetManagementprovidesthereaderwiththe background,conceptsandprinciplesinvolved. Overall, this Handbook adopts a comprehensive and integrated approach, and offers a good international coverage. It contains 22 chapters, covering the entire spectrum of highway engineering, from planning feasibility study and environmental impact assessment, to design, construction, maintenance and management. The completion of this Handbook would not have been possible withoutthecommitmentbythechaptercontributors,allexpertsintheirrespectivefields.Theeditoris mostgratefultothemfortheireffortstowardsproducingthismeaningfulHandbook,tothegreatbenefit of the professional transportation engineers, undergraduate civil engineering students, and graduate researchstudentsspecializinginhighwayengineering. T.F.Fwa Editor ProfessorandHead DepartmentofCivilEngineering NationalUniversityofSingapore RepublicofSingapore © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Editor T.F.FwaistheheadoftheDepartmentofCivilEngineeringwherehe isalsoa professor andthedirectoroftheCentreforTransportation Research, National University of Singapore. He received his BEng (First Class Honors) from the then University of Singapore (now known as the National University of Singapore), MEng from the University of Waterloo, Canada, and PhD from Purdue University, USA. Dr.Fwa’sresearchinthelast20yearscoversallaspectsofhighway engineering, with special emphasis in the areas of pavement design, maintenance and management, and pavement performance evalu- ationandtesting.Hehaspublishedmorethan200technicalpapersin journals and conference proceedings, with nearly 130 of them inleadinginternationaljournals.Hisworkhasledtothreepatentsin nondestructivepavementtestingandevaluation. Awidely respected researcher, Dr.Fwahas beeninvitedto lecture and maketechnical presentations in more than 15 countries, including keynote lectures at a number of international conferences and symposia. He is currently the Asia Region Editor for the ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering. He also serves on the editorial board of two other international journals: International Journal of Pavement Engineering, and International Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design. He has received a number of awards for his academic and research contributions, including 1985 Eldon J. YoderMemorialAwardbyPurdueUniversity,USA,the1992KatahiraAwardbytheRoadEngineering Association of Asia and Australasia, the 1992 Arthur M. Wellington Prize by the American Society of CivilEngineers,the1995KatahiraAwardbytheRoadEngineeringAssociationofAsiaandAustralasia, the2000EngineeringAchievementAwardbytheInstitutionofEngineers,Singapore,InnovationAward 2003 by the Ministry of Transport, Singapore, and the 2005 Frank M. Masters Transportation Engineering Award by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Dr.Fwaisalsoactiveprofessionallyintheareaofinternationalhighwayengineering.Heiscurrently vice president of the International Society for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Transport Infra- structure,boardmemberoftheEasternAsiaSocietyforTransportationStudies,andspecialadvisorto theInternationalAssociationofTrafficandSafetySciences.HeisthefoundingpresidentofthePavement EngineeringSociety(Singapore)andtheIntelligentTransportationSociety(Singapore). In the last 15 years, Dr. Fwa has devoted a great deal of time promoting highway engineering professional activities and developments in Asia Pacific. He has been responsible for bringing major internationalconferencesandeventsinhighwayengineeringtotheregion.Thishasbeenabenefittothe largenumberofprofessionalsindevelopingcountries.HeheadstheExecutiveCommitteethatmanages ix © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC x Editor theInternationalConferenceonRoadandAirfieldPavementTechnologyandtheAsiaPacificConference on Transportation and the Environment. These are the two conference series that serve to raise professionalawarenessintheAsiaPacificregionofthenewknowledgeandtechnologiesintheareaof highwayengineering,andtheimportanceofsustainabletransportationdevelopment. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors M.A. Aziz Pannapa Herabat DepartmentofCivilEngineering SchoolofCivilEngineering NationalUniversityofSingapore AsianInstituteofTechnology RepublicofSingapore Pathumthani,Thailand E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] John W. Bull Zahidul Hoque SchoolofCivilEngineeringandGeosciences PavementSpecialist UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne Melbourne,Victoria,Australia NewcastleuponTyne,U.K. E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Yi Jiang R.L. Cheu PurdueUniversity DepartmentofCivilEngineering WestLafayette,IN,U.S.A. NationalUniversityofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] RepublicofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] Ian Johnston Anthony T.H. Chin MonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentre MonashUniversity,ClaytonCampus DepartmentofEconomics Victoria,Australia NationalUniversityofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] RepublicofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] Laycee L. Kolkman Kieran Feighan JacobsEngineering LasVegas,NV,U.S.A. PMSPavementManagementServicesLtd. E-mail:[email protected] Dublin,Ireland E-mail:[email protected] Khaled Ksaibati T.F. Fwa WyomingTechnicalTransferCenter UniversityofWyoming DepartmentofCivilEngineering Laramie,WY,U.S.A. NationalUniversityofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] RepublicofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] Arun Kumar K.N. Gunalan RMITUniversity ParsonsBrinckerhoffQuade&Douglas,Inc. Melbourne,Australia Murray,UT,U.S.A. E-mail:[email protected]; E-mail:[email protected] [email protected] xi © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xii Contributors Michael S. Mamlouk Weng On Tam DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering Consultant ArizonaStateUniversity Austin,TX,U.S.A. Tempe,AZ,U.S.A. E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Mang Tia Sue McNeil DepartmentofCivil&CoastalEngineering UniversityofFlorida UrbanTransportationCenter Gainesville,FL,U.S.A. UniversityofIllinoisatChicago E-mail:[email protected]fl.edu Chicago,IL,U.S.A. E-mail:[email protected] Waheed Uddin DepartmentofCivilEngineering K. Raguraman CenterforAdvancedInfrastructureTechnology DepartmentofGeography UniversityofMississippi NationalUniversityofSingapore University,MS,U.S.A. RepublicofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Ian van Wijk Stephen Samuels AfriconEngineeringInternational TEFConsulting(Traffic,Environmentaland Pretoria,SouthAfrica ForensicEngineers) E-mail:[email protected] Sydney,Australia and Derek Walker SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering RMITUniversity,CityCampus UniversityofNewSouthWales GraduateSchoolofBusiness Cronulla,NSW,Australia Melbourne,Victoria,Australia E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Kumares C. Sinha Liu Wei SchoolofCivilEngineering, DepartmentofCivilEngineering PurdueUniversity NationalUniversityofSingapore WestLafayette,IN,U.S.A. RepublicofSingapore E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Part A Highway Planning and Development Issues 1 Financing Highways AnthonyT.H.Chin ........................................................................................1-1 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 FinancingStructureandSources................................................................................................1-3 1.3 RoleofDonorAgencies...............................................................................................................1-9 1.4 AnAnalysisofHighwayProjectFinancing..............................................................................1-10 1.5 “Template”forSuccessfulHighwayFinancing........................................................................1-16 References.................................................................................................................................................1-20 FurtherReading........................................................................................................................................1-21 2 Access Management of Highways K.RaguramanandKumaresC.Sinha ...............................2-1 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 PrinciplesofAccessManagement...............................................................................................2-2 2.3 EconomicImpactsofAccessManagementandPublicParticipation ...................................2-14 2.4 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................2-16 Acknowledgment .....................................................................................................................................2-17 References.................................................................................................................................................2-17 3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway Development M.A.Aziz.......................3-1 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................3-1 3.2 EIAinPhasesofHighwayDevelopment ...................................................................................3-6 3.3 EIAActivitiesinHighwayDevelopment....................................................................................3-8 3.4 EIAMethodologies.....................................................................................................................3-14 3.5 Summary.....................................................................................................................................3-21 References.................................................................................................................................................3-22 4 Highway Safety IanJohnston.............................................................................................................4-1 PartA—FundamentalConceptsinRoadTrafficSafety ......................................................................4-2 4.1 SafeSystemDesignIsParamount...............................................................................................4-2 4.2 TheDimensionsoftheRoadTrafficInjuryProblem ...............................................................4-3 4.3 MeasuringRoadTrafficSafetyPerformance..............................................................................4-5 xiii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC