Table Of Content

Handbook of + H -ATPases TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2 Handbook of + H -ATPases edited by Suguru Nakamura editors Preben Maegaard Anna Krenz Wolfgang Palz The Rise of Modern Wind Energy Wind Power for the World CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140224 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4411-92-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com February11,2014 14:47 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Suguru–Nakamura–prelims Contents Preface xv 1 VacuolarH+-ATPaseAssembly 1 AnneM.SmardonandPatriciaM.Kane 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 V-ATPaseSubunitCompositionandMechanism 2 1.3 BiosyntheticAssemblyoftheV-ATPase 5 1.4 AssemblyStateRegulatesV-ATPaseActivity 9 1.4.1 ReversibleDissociationofV V Complex 9 1 0 1.4.2 ControlofReversibleDisassembly 11 1.4.2.1 TheRAVEcomplex(regulatorofthe ATPaseofvacuolarandendosomal membranes) 11 1.4.2.2 GlycolyticenzymesandV-ATPase assembly 12 1.4.2.3 PKA-dependentregulationof V-ATPaseassembly 14 1.4.2.4 StructuralorganizationandV-ATPase reversibledisassembly 16 1.4.2.5 Isoform-specificregulationof V-ATPaseassembly 19 1.5 Summary 20 2 StructureofProkaryoticV-TypeATPase/Synthase 31 KenYokoyamaandJun-ichiKishikawa 2.1 Introduction:ModelforEukaryoticV-ATPases 32 2.2 EvolutionaryRelationshipbetweenV-TypeandF-Type ATPases 33 2.3 StructureofProkaryoticV-ATPases 34 February11,2014 14:47 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Suguru–Nakamura–prelims vi Contents 2.3.1 SubunitStructureofT.Thermophilus V-ATPase 34 2.3.2 CryoEMMapofIntactT.Thermophilus V-ATPase 35 2.3.3 StructureofRotorRing 38 2.3.4 StructureofV Domain(A B DF) 40 1 3 3 2.3.5 StructureofCentralRotorSubunitC(V -d) 43 o 2.3.6 StructureofDFRotor 44 2.3.7 StructureofEGPeripheralStalk 46 2.4 Perspective 47 3 TheFunctionofV-ATPaseintheDegradationof GluconeogenicEnzymesinYeastVacuoles 51 JingjingLiuandHui-LingChiang 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 TheStructureandFunctionofVacuolarATPase 52 3.2.1 TheStructureofV-ATPase 52 3.2.1.1 TheV1domain 53 3.2.1.2 TheV0domain 54 3.2.2 TheAssemblyofV-ATPase 54 3.2.3 TheFunctionofV-ATPaseinOrganelle AcidificationandHomotypicVacuolar Fusion 55 3.3 CataboliteInactivation 56 3.3.1 FBPaseCanBeDegradedintheProteasomeor intheVacuoleDependingonGrowth Conditions 57 3.3.2 TheVacuole-DependentPathway 58 3.3.3 TheDiscoveryofVidVesicles 58 3.3.4 Vid24pandtheCOPICoatomerProteinsare ComponentsofVidVesicles 59 3.4 V-ATPaseandtheVidPathway 60 3.4.1 AninvitroSystemtoStudytheFusionofVid VesiclesandVacuoles 60 3.4.2 V-ATPaseisInvolvedintheFusionofVesicles withVacuoles 61 3.4.3 TheAssemblyofV-ATPasein Prolonged-StarvedCells 62 February11,2014 14:47 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Suguru–Nakamura–prelims Contents vii 3.4.4 TheAcidificationoftheVacuoleisRequiredfor theVidPathway 62 3.4.5 DistinctFunctionsofStv1pandVph1pinthe VidPathway 63 3.4.6 TheVidPathwayConvergeswiththeEndocytic Pathway 63 3.4.7 InvivoStudiesofVPH1FunctionsintheVid Pathway 65 3.5 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives 67 4 TheRoleofVacuolarATPaseintheRegulationofNpt2a Trafficking 77 EleanorLedererandSyedJalalKhundmiri 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Npt2a:Structure,Function,andRegulation 78 4.2.1 RoleofpHinRegulationofNpt2aFunction 81 4.2.2 TheRoleofVacuolarH+-ATPaseinNpt2a Trafficking 83 4.3 Conclusion 88 5 CytosolicpHRegulatedbyGlucosePromotesV-ATPase Assembly 99 ReinhardDechantandMatthiasPeter 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 FactorsRegulatingV-ATPaseAssembly 102 5.2.1 SignalingPathways 102 5.2.1.1 Yeast 102 5.2.1.2 Highereukaryotes 105 5.2.2 RAVEComplex 105 5.2.3 RegulationofV-ATPasebyMetabolicSignals 106 5.2.4 RegulationofV-ATPasebypH 107 5.2.4.1 SensingofluminalpHbyV-ATPase 107 5.2.4.2 V-ATPaseassemblyisregulatedby cytosolicpHinyeast 108 5.2.4.3 V-ATPasesubunit‘a’isregulatedbypH invitro 109 5.3 CytosolicpHIsRegulatedbyGlucose 111 5.4 V-ATPaseasaCytosolicpHSensor 112 February11,2014 14:47 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Suguru–Nakamura–prelims viii Contents 5.4.1 CouplingofCytosolicandLuminalpH 112 5.4.2 LinkingCellularPhysiologytoSignal Transduction 114 6 VacuolarH+-ATPase(V-ATPase)ActivatedbyGlucose: APossibleLinktoDiabetes 123 SuguruNakamura 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 GlucoseActivatesV-ATPaseActivityinLLC-PK1Cells 124 6.3 GlucoseActivatesVacuolarH+-ATPaseActivityinRat ProximalTubule 125 6.4 GlucoseActivationofV-ATPaseRequiresGlycolysis 127 6.5 GlucoseActivationofV-ATPaseRequiresPI3KActivity 135 6.6 V-ATPaseActivityinthePerfusedCollectingDuct inDiabeticAnimals 139 6.7 ImmunocytochemicalStudiesintheCollectingDuctin DiabeticAnimals 142 7 VacuolarProtonPump(V-ATPase)andInsulinSecretion 151 Ge-HongSun-WadaandYohWada 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 StructureandRegulationofV-ATPase 152 7.2.1 TheV-ATPaseComplex 152 7.2.2 TheRotationalCatalysisofV-ATPase 155 7.2.3 RegulationoftheActivityofV-ATPase 155 7.2.3.1 Functionofisoformsofsubunitain enzymetargeting 156 7.2.3.2 RegulationofV-ATPaseenzyme activityviareversibledissociation 157 7.2.3.3 Regulationofluminalacidificationvia otherionchannels 157 7.3 SecretoryGranulesandV-ATPase 159 7.3.1 SecretoryHormonesandLuminalAcidicpH 159 7.3.2 FunctionofV-ATPaseinGlucoseSignaling 159 7.3.3 AcidificationofSecretoryGranulesby V-ATPasewitha3SubunitIsoforms 160 7.4 V-ATPaseinVesicleFusion 161 February11,2014 14:47 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Suguru–Nakamura–prelims Contents ix 8 RoleofV-ATPase,Cytohesin-2/Arf6,andAldolasein RegulationofEndocytosis:ImplicationsforDiabetic Nephropathy 169 VladimirMarshansky 8.1 EndocyticPathways:Uptake,Signaling,Recycling,or DegradationofReceptors/LigandComplexes 170 8.2 RegulationofEndocytosisbyV-ATPaseandthe LuminalpHofEndosomal/Lysosomal Compartments 171 8.2.1 Structure,Targeting,andFunctionofthe V-ATPaseProton-PumpingRotaryNano-Motor 171 8.2.2 RoleofV-ATPaseinTraffickingandFunctionof ReceptorsandTheirRegulatoryProteinsalong EndocyticPathway 175 8.3 RegulationofEndocyticTrafficking,Receptors SignalingandGeneExpressionbyCytohesin-2and Arf6GTP–bindingProteins 176 8.3.1 RoleofCytohesin-2andArf6inRegulationof Endocytosis 176 8.3.2 EmergingRoleofCytohesinsinReceptors SignalingandGeneExpression 178 8.4 RegulationofEndocyticProteinDegradationPathway inKidneyProximalTubules:Implicationsfor DevelopmentofDiabeticNephropathy 179 8.4.1 KidneyProximalTubuleMegalin/Cubilin- MediatedEndosomal/LysosomalProteins DegradationPathway 179 8.4.2 Diabetes,GlucoseHandlingbyKidneyProximal TubulesandDiabeticNephropathy 182 8.4.3 Aldolase:NovelRolesofthe“Old”Enzymein RegulationofEndocyticTraffickingandActin CytoskeletonRearrangement 184 8.4.4 RoleofV-ATPase,Cytohesin-2/Arf6and AldolaseinRegulationofMegalin/Cubilin- MediatedEndosomal/LysosomalProtein DegradationPathway:ImplicationsforDiabetic Nephropathy 185