Table Of Content

0 0a ~tqb 4~*. y ~ ~- I C -~ t'. ~ j I I 3 ~OOOO~Q~D~1O Reproduced From * Best Available Copy I ( .~- ~i S *~9~ REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE LA Ia. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION I b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Unclassified 2.. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT ________________________________ APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING. SCHEDULE DISTRIBUTION UNLTIITED. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMaER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) AFGL-TR-85-0O315 SR, No. 2j3 6S. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b Of FICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION kr Force Geophysics Laboratory CA______ 6C. ADDRESS (City. State, and ZIP Code) 7b ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) Harnccf AFB Mas~chusetts 01731 Be. NAME Of FUNDING /SPONSORING ISb OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION . (0f aoka* 9c. ADDRESS (City; State, and ZtP Code) *10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM IPROJECT ITASK ~ WORK UNIT -ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO0. I 11 TITLE (include Security Clasification)620F 93GE O Haindbook of Geophysics and thc Space Environment' 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Adolph S. Jursa, Editor 13aO FRTYPP E 3.TM OEE 4 AEO EOT(er ot.Dy .PGE COUNT Scientific Final FROM TO 1985 December 516 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION Additional copies of this document are available from the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (SULR), Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731. 17 COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify b) block number) FIELD GROUP SJGRUP .AGeophysics, - ---,'Solar wind,, ..-Ionosphere, Saeenviroment Solar irradiance: Aurora; snRadiation belts Air glow.- 19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) 4 *h fourth edition of the Air Force Handbook of'Geophysics and the Space Environment has been completely revised.-,..It was conceived as a commemorative issue in recognition of the 5 twenty-fifth anniversary of the Inte rnational Geophysical Year, It begins with chapters on the sun and its emissions, then treats the earth's-magnetic field and the radiation' belts, and follows with chapters on the Ionosphere and the aurora. The subject of electrical charging of space vehicles has been of special concern to the Air Force and has been Included to aid designers ititerested in that problem. The next group of chapters deals with properties of the atmosphere, 'and the Handbook concludes with chapters on the earth sciences and infrared astronomy, 20. DISTRIBUTION IAVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT 'SECU RITY CLASSIFICATION 22a- NAE OF.REPONSIBL.INDIVIUAL.... ........ ~nchd eCr.. 77c OFFICE SYMBOL Adolph S. Jursa 1(617) 377-3010 G/C DO FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF -MIS PAGE All other editions are obsolete. nlssfe Unclasifie Uinclass ified Cont . of Block 18: -?1ensity. Winds Geodesy; r Temperature .~-Atmosphere,, IR~astron6my, Pressure Gravity, Unclassified HANDBOOK OF GEOPHYSICS AND THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT, , d..'- SCIENrIFIC EDITOR Adolph S. Jursa AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY' AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND UNITED STATES AIR FORCE 1985 Fi I ASSISTANT EDITOR Marylou Tscblrch CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Chapter Chapter Chapter Aarns 1.lOGallery. W.0 18 Millman, G.H. 1 Altrock. R.C. I Garrett, H. B. 7 Muench. H.S. 21 Anderson, G.P. 21 Glass. M. 16 Murdock, T.L. 25 Barnes, A.A. 16 Good. R.E. 18, 21 Neidig, D.F. I Barron, W.R. IIGataDD 6 7Novak, J.M . Capt.,USAF 23 Basu. S. 10, Gningorten. LL1 15, 16, 17 O'Neil, R.R. 12 Basu. Su 9 Guidice, D.A. IIPhilbrick, C.R. 21 Battis. J.C. 23 Hall, L.A. 2 Picard, R.H . 12 Bertoni. EA. 16 Hardy. D.A. 8 Price, S.D. 25 Brown, H.A. 16 Hardy, K.R. 16 Radick. R.R. I Buchau. J. 10 Hecksher. J.L. 10 Rich, F.J. 9, 10 Burke. H.K. 20 Heroux. L.J. 2 Rothman, L.S. 18 Burke. WiJ. 8 Hinteregger, H.E. 2 Rothwell. P.L. 5 Cabaniss. Ci.H. 23 Huffman, R.E. 22 Sajalyn, R.C. 20 Champion. K.S.W. 14 Izumi, Y. 15, 16 Sharmia. R.D. 13 Cipar. J.J. 23 Jekeli, C. 24 Shea, M.A. 6 Cliver. E.W. 10. II Johnston,. iC. 23 Shearer. J.A. 23 Clough, S.A. 18 Kantor, A.J. 14. I5, 16, 17 Shettle. E.P. I8 Cohen, I. D. 16 Keil. S.L. Capt. USAF I Simon, G.W. I Cole. A.E. 14. I5.17 Klobuchar, J.A. .10 Smart, D.F. 6 Cronin, J P. I I Knecht, D.J. 4 Spjeldvik, W.N. 5 Dandekar, B.S. 10 Kneizys. F.X 18 Shuman, B.M. 4 DeMastus. H.L. I' Kossey. P.A . 10 Swider. W. 21 Dyer. R.M. 16, 19 Kunkel. B.A. 16 Tattelman, P. 15, 16, 17. Evans. J.W. I Lewis. E.A. 10 Vancour. R.P. 8 Falcone, V.1.. Jr. 19 Marcos, F.A. 17 Volz, F.E. 18 r. Fenn. R.W. 18 McNamara. L.F.. 10 Weber, E.J. 10 ' Feynman. J. 3 Mendillo. M.F. 10 Whalen. J.A. 12 Field. E.C. .1O Metcalf. J.1. 16 Fitzgerald. D.R . 20 Mill. J.D. Lt. Col. USAF 18 Accession For NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAB Unannoun'ed * Jus t if icC& jPe1 Distribiftli/ - Availabtfl V Nidel Dist i r FOREWORD The space, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments influence the functioning of all Air Force systems.. As technology advances, the role of the enviroment becomes more important to system performance. In many cases, the environment determines the limit in technical capability. This Handbook reflects the world of geophysics as honed and shaped by the ... Z special needs of the Air Force. Today's operational systems were designed with the environmental knowledge made available by the Air Force Geophysics,. .' Laboratory and its predecessor. the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. Tomorrow's Air Force depends on the quality and breadth of today's research as reflected in this Handbook. Although written primarily by Air Force Geophysics Laboratory scientists, this work reflects the state-of-knowledge of thousands of collaborative investigators, both -U.S. and foreign. It is a mixture of basic research and exploratory development, and as such, represents the entire range of our . technology based efforts The very breadth of Air Force operations from space, through the atmosphere, to the earth makes ' ., it challenging, exciting, and rewarding to do front line research across this broad spectrum and to present a useable summary of the results to a wide community via this publication. This Handbook is one of our deliverable end products. 7- The recogn~:ion by the Air Force of the value of geophysics research to its mission is clearly illustrated in this work. The advances made by in-house scientists, the unique world class facilities created to do this work, and the excellent support -. of space based exrzriments. all attest to the long term dedication required to advance our understanding of the environment. - Many significant players,. military aad civilian, have come and gone since the last issue of this Handbook. It is in the context of pride in these people and pride in our accomplishments for our country that we take great pleasure in dedicating this book to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year. PL-,:.f-..2,o J.R . JOHNSON. Colonel. USAF A. T. STAIR. JR. Commander Chief Scientist .'-'1, V V .'s ,,,z PREFACE This fourth edition of the Air Force Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment has been complet~ly revised. tow_ It was conceived as a commemorative issue in recognition of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Internationa, Geophysical Year. This was particularly appropriate since the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory-at that time the Air Farce Cambridge Research Center-had been an active participant in the IGY in 1957-58 and the first edition of the H:ndbook had been published in 1957. The complex task of preparing this edition involved several years of effort during which time the twenty- ,-.. - fifth anniversary of the IGY occurred. I The purpose of the Handbook remains the same, that is, to provide Air Force designers, engineers, and systems operators with facts and data about the environment in which the Air Force operates. Extraordinary progress has occurred in this ' scientific field since the first edition was published due both to rapid advances in computer capability and the development ,,, of large rockets and satellites which have made available to experimenters platforms for upper atmosphere and space research '- that did not exist twenty-seven years ago. .,"'7 The first edition of the Handbook was published the same year the first artificial earth satellite was orbited. At the time '-' of the third edition, there was considerable activity in space but man had not yet gone to the' moon. Since the publication of the third edition, research in and use of space has grown at an astonishing pace and its importance in man's future is an .W. accepted fact. The Air Force has been active in space since the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles and early, -'.. reconnaissance satellites, and is preparing for an even more active role as the space shuttle becomes operational.. ;.Ail In keeping with the Air Force interest in space, the format of the Handbook has been arranged to give those chapters Y. , J dealing with the space environment increased emphasis. The fourth edition begins with chapters on the sun and its emissions, -'-' then treats the earth's magnetic field and the radiation belts, and follows with chapters on the ionosphere and the aurora. The subject of electrical charging of space vehicles has been of special concern to the Air Force and has been included to aid designers interested in that problem. Of no less importance are Air Force operations in the atmosphere and on the earth itself. The next group of chapters deals with properties of the atmosphere, and the Handbook concludes with chapters on the earth sciences and infrared astronomy. Readers familiar with ear'ier editions will note that some chapters of the older versions have been deleted, while new chapters have been added. The choice of subject matter has been determined' primarily by changes in today's Air Force requirements and operational activities. The contents also are related to the technical programs at the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory and reflect the expertise of the scientific staff, but should not be considered a technical report on such programs. In fact, the Handbook is only an intoduction to several areas of geophysics. Subjects such as galactic x ray astronomy, astrophysics.. planetary physics, meteors, some aspects of atmospheric pollution. oceanography. and others not of current concern to the Air Force do not appear here. Such subjects are covered very adequately elsewhere. -"' Numerous references have been included in each chapter so that the reader may pursue a specific subject area to whatever depth desired. The authors were not constrained by chapter format or length but were allowed to express themselves freely. As a result the chapters ran'e from brief statements on a subject to textbook treatment of others. The Handbook has been brought as up to date as possible. Other government organizations such as NASA and NOAA have also published surveys and technical memoranda that deal with aspects of the atmosphere and space environment. Together with this Handbook ' they can provide the reader with an up-to-date picture of our understanding of the atmosphere and the near-earth space 'environment. A.S.J. vii III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS %A Many people have contributed to make this edition of the Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environment possible. The decision to proceed with the fourth edition of the Handbook was made by Colonels James Baker and Gerald D'Arcy. Commander and Vice Commander. respectively, of the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory in 1981. We are indebted to the authors of the twenty-five chapters. without them there would be no Handbook. Recognition is d.i: three co-editors who undertook the nec, ssary preliminary planning steps to organize the Handbook before I assumed responsibility as scientific editor. They are Dr. John N. Howard.' Di. Moron Barad. and Dr. Jules Aarons. who also contributed as co-author and LOW i scientific editor of Chapter 10. i would like especially to acknowledge the very important contribution of my assistant editor, Marylou Tschirch. who has been primarily responsible for the detailed editing, coordination, and final preparation of the . manuscript for publication. Her tireless effort has been a major factor in the success of the Handbook. Mr. John Dempsey assisted with the editing of several chapters as well as contributing his expertise to discussions of format, typesetting. and printing..,,[ Thanks are due to many secretaries in the Laboratory who typed the draft manuscripts of the chapters for the authors ati,i n particular. to Mrs. Ann Turner for her competent and extensive typing. copying, and accomplishment of many other,. . administrative tasks that were necessary in the preparation of this Handbook. A. SA.S.J. - F +." o1 ix. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. THE SUN 1.1 THE SUN'S "STEADY -STATE" BEHAVIOR (THE QUIET SUN) ....................... I1-1 1.1.1 Basic Characteristics .................................................. 11 1.1.2 Sola- Rotation ........................................................ 1-5 1.1.3 The Solar Atmosphere.................................................. 1-5 1.1.3.1 ThePhotosphere............................................... 1-5 1.1 .3.2 Ile Chromnosphere..I............................................. 1.9 1.1.3.3 The Transition Region........................................... 1.9 1.1.3.4 TheCorona .................................................. 1-9 1.2 THE ACTIVE SUN ............................................ 1-13 1.2.1 The Sunspot Cycle..................................................... 1-14 1.2.2 The Solar Dipole Magnetic Field ........................................... 1-14 r, 1.2.3 The Emergence and Organization of Magnetic Flux............................. 1-16 1.2.3.1 Active Regions................................................ 1-16 1.2.3.2 Ephemeral Regions............. ................................ 1.17 1.2.4 Prominences ......................................................... 1-17 11.2.5 Coronal Magnetic Fields ..................... ........................... 1-18 1.2.6 Flares................................................................ 1-18 1.2.7 Coronal Activity ....................................................... 1-20 1.2.7.1 Coronal Holes and Solar Wind .................................... 1.20 1.2.7.2 Streamers .................................................... 1-21 1.2.7.3 The Solar Current Sheet.......................................... 1-21 1.2.7.4 Transients ................................................... 1-22 1.2.7.5 Coronal Induced Disturbances..................................... 1-22 1.2.8 Solar Variability and Climate ............................................. l1-22 1.2.9 Predictions of Geophysical Disturbances................................ ...... 1-23 1.2.9.1 Flare Prediction.................... ............................ 1-23 1.2.9.2 Coronal Disturbance Prediction .................................... 1-24 CHAPTER 2. SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIANCE 2.1 SOLAR UV IRRADIANCE IN THE STRATOSPHERE................................ 2-1 2.1.1 Solar Spectrum Between 2000 and 30W A....... .............. 2-1 2.2 SOLAR CONSTANT AND SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE ................................ 2-1 2.2.1 Solar Constant ................................................. 2-1 2.2.2 Solar Irradiance Between I and 3000 A Far Solar Minimum ............... 2-5 2.2.3 Solar Irradiance Below 1200 A .................................. 2.14 2.3 ABSORPTION OF SOLAR UV.................................................. 2-16 2.3.1 Absorption Below 3200 A ............................... I..... 216 2.3.2 UJV Atmiospheric/Ionospheric Processes .............................. 216 2.4 SOLAR UV IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY ............................ 2-16 2.4.1 Sunspot Number and 10.7 cm Solar Radio Flux ......................... 2-16 2.4.2 Solar Cycle and UV Variability Below 2000 AK ...................... 2-18 Ai TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPFER 3. SOLAR WIND 3.1 BASIC THEO' ................................ ............................... 3-1 3. 1.1 Simple Spherically Symmetric Treatment...................... ................. 3-1 3.1.2 Further Considerations..................................................... 3-3 3.2 PARTICLE AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS ............... 34 3.2.1 Coordinates............................................ 3-4 3.2.2 Magnetic Fields...... ..................... ............................... 3-4 3.2.3 Protons and Electrons........................... .......................... 3-7 3.2.4 Other Ions............................................................... 3-1l 3.2.5 Waves and Turbulence...................................................... 3-12 3.3 LARGE SCALE STRUCTURES AND DISCONTINUITIES...............................'3-15 3.3.1 Discontinuities............................................... 3-15 3.3.2 Solar Wind Streams ...................................................... 3-17 3.3.3 Solar Flare Disturbances .................................................... 3-22 3.4 LONG TERM VARIATIONS ....................................... 3-22 3.4.1, Solar Cycle ............................................................. 3-22 3.4.2 Secular Variations........................................................ 3-24 3:5 THE CLOSE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE EARTH....................... .............. 3-24 . 3.5.1 Magnetosheath........................................................... 3-24 3.5.2 Bow Shock ............................................. ............... 3-29 3.5.3 Upstream Waves and Particles ................................................ 3-31 CHAPTER 4. THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD 4.1 7 ASIC CONCEPTS ................. .............................. I.............. 4-1 4.1.1 Units. Terminology, and Conventions .......................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Coordinate Systems....................................................... 4-2 4.1.3 Sources oif the Geomagnetic Field............................................4.-..5...... .... .. .... ......... 4.1.4 The 3teady Interior Field.................................4-5 ' 4. 1.5 Quiet Variation External Fields.............................................. 4-7 4.1I.6 Disturbance External Fields ........ ......................................... 4-7 4.2 MEASUREMENTS OF -THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD .................................. 4-8 4.2.1 Instrumentation ............................ .......................... ... 4-8 4.2.2 Ground Measurements..................................................... 4-12 4.2.3 Satellite and Rocket Measurements........................................... 4-12-- 4.3 THE MAIN FIELD.............................................................. 4-13 __ 4.3.1 Basic Description ....................................................... ....... 4-13 4.3.2 The Secular Variation .................................. .................... 4-16 4.3.3 Pacleonmacnetism......................................................... 4-17 4.4 QUIET.VARIATION FIELDS ...................................................... 4-19 4.4.1 The Solar Quiet Daily Variation ........................ ..................... 4-19 4.4.2 The Lunar Daily~ Variation .................................................. 4-20 4.4.3 Magnetospheric Dai!y Variation... ........................................... 4-21 4.5 DISTURBANCE FIELDS......................................................... 4-21 4.5.1 Geomagnetic Storms and Substorms.......................................... 4-21 4.5.2 Geomagnetic Pulsations ... I................................................. 4-23 4.6 QUANTITATIVE MAGNETIC-FIELD MODELS.......................... ............ 4-25 4,6.1 The Internal Field................... ...... ............................... 4-25 ~ 4r6.2 The External Field........................................................ 4-27 xii