Handbook of Gender and Work

672 Pages·1999·45.331 MB·English

by  Gary N. Powell

Handbook of
Gender
&Work
Dedicated to Tony Butter field—
my great mentor, collaborator, colleague, and friend
Handbook of
Gender
&Work
Gary N. Powell
Editor
<t SAGE Publications
International Educational and Professional Publisher
Thousand Oaks London New Delhi
Copyright © 1999 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
For information:
f> SAGE Publications, Inc.
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E-mail: [email protected]
SAGE Publications Ltd.
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SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Handbook of gender and work / edited by Gary N. Powell.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7619-1355-6 (alk. paper)
1. Leadership in women. 2. Women executives. 3. Sex role in the
work environment. 4. Leadership. 5. Women—Employment.
I. Powell, Gary N.
HQ1233.H33 1999
306.3'615—dc21 99-6394
02 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Acquiring Editor: Marquita Flemming
Editorial Assistant: MaryAnn Vail
Production Editor: Diana E. Axelsen
Editorial Assistant: Nevair Kabakian
Typesetter/Designer: Janelie LeMaster
Indexer: Mary Mortensen
Cover Designer: Candice Harman
Contents
Acknowledgments viii
Introduction: Examining the Intersection of Gender and Work ix
Gary N. Powell
Part I. Gender and Other Identities
1. Sex and Gender in the New Millennium 3
Karen Korabik
2. The Color and Culture of Gender in Organizations:
Attending to Race and Ethnicity 17
Bernardo M. Ferdman
Part II. The Economic and Societal Context
3. Gender and the Changing Nature of Work 37
Gary L. Cooper and Suzan Lewis
4. Gender and Service Delivery 47
Barbara A. Gutek, Bennett Cherry, and Markus Groth
5. On the Gendered Substructure of Organization:
Dimensions and Dilemmas of Corporate Masculinity 69
Mark Maier
6. The Gender Gap in Earnings: Trends, Explanations, and Prospects 95
Patricia A. Roos and Mary Lizabeth Gatta
7. The Sex Segregation of Occupations: Prospects for the 21st Century 125
Jerry A. Jacobs
Part III. Organizational, Group,
and Interpersonal Processes
8. Gender Bias in Interviewers' Evaluations of Applicants:
When and How Does It Occur? 145
Laura M. Graves
9. Gender Influences on Performance Evaluations 165
Kathryn M. Bartol
10. Group Gender Composition and Work Group Relations:
Theories, Evidence, and Issues 179
Pamela S. Tolbert, Mary E. Graham, and Alice O. Andrews
11. Gender Effects on Social Influence and Emergent Leadership 203
Linda L. Carli and Alice H. Eagly
12. "Re-Viewing" Gender, Leadership, and Managerial Behavior:
Do Three Decades of Research Tell Us Anything? 223
D. Anthony Butterfield and James P. Grinnell
13. Global Leaders: Women of Influence 239
Nancy J. Adler
14. A Multiperspective Framework of Sexual Harassment:
Reviewing Two Decades of Research 263
Lynn Bowes-Sperry and Jasmine Tata
15. Romantic Relationships in Organizational Settings: Something to Talk About 281
Gary N. Powell and Sharon Foley
Part IV. Careers and the Quality of Life
16. Gender and Careers: Present Experiences and Emerging Trends 307
Linda K. Stroh and Anne H. Reilly
17. Reflections on the Glass Ceiling: Recent Trends and Future Prospects 325
Gary N. Powell
18. Gender and Mentoring Relationships: A Review and Research Agenda
for the Next Decade 347
Belle Rose Ragins
19. Women Entrepreneurs: Approaching a New Millennium 371
Dorothy Perrin Moore
20. Research on Work, Family, and Gender: Current Status and Future Directions 391
Jeffrey H. Greenhaus and Saroj Parasuraman
21. Stress and the Working Woman 413
Marilyn ]. Davidson and Sandra Fielden
Part V. Organizational Initiatives
22. Affirmative Action: History, Effects, and Attitudes 429
Alison M. Konrad and Frank Linnehan
23. Impacts of Diversity and Work-Life Initiatives in Organizations 453
Sharon A. Lobel
Part VI. Conducting Future Research
24. Methodological Issues in Conducting Research on Gender in Organizations 477
Elizabeth A. Cooper and Susan M. Bosco
References 495
Name Index 597
Subject Index 619
About the Editor 635
About the Contributors 637
Acknowledgments
I wish to express my appreciation and sincere thanks to a number of people
for their contributions to the preparation of this book:
Marquita Flemming at Sage Publications, for suggesting the book and
helping a novice editor to bring it to fruition.
Diane Adams and Julie Tamarkin, for an excellent job of editing the various
chapters.
Tiger the Cat, for her loving, affectionate, playful, and stress-relieving
presence in my life.
Laura Graves, my wife, favorite colleague, and a chapter author, for
encouraging, supporting, and standing by me all the way.
The many contributors of individual chapters, who have shared their
expertise and commitment to examining the intersection of gender and
work on these pages. Without their efforts, this book would not have
been possible.
viii
Introduction
Examining the Intersection
of Gender and Work
Gary N. Powell
The role of women in the workplace has been expanding steadily in recent
years in most countries. For example, in the United States, the labor force
participation rate for women (i.e., the proportion of all adult women who
were employed or seeking employment) increased from 43% in 1970 to 60%
in 1998 (U.S. Department of Labor, 1998a, 1998b). However, during the
same period of time, the labor force participation rate for men decreased from
80% to 74%. As a result, the proportion of women in the labor force (i.e.,
the proportion of all adults employed or seeking employment who were
women) increased from 38% in 1970 to 46% in 1998. In addition, the
proportion of women executives, administrators, and managers in nonfarm
occupations (called simply managers from this point on) almost tripled
between 1970 and 1998, increasing from 16% to 44%.
Similar trends have been exhibited in other countries. As Table 1.1
indicates, the proportion of women in the labor force increased between 1985
and 1995 by 2% to 9% in countries as diverse as Australia, Botswana, Brazil,
Egypt, France, India, Ireland, Israel, Singapore, and Swaziland (International
Labour Office, 1986, 1996). Although the proportion of women in the labor
ix