Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries, Volume 2: Fisheries

421 Pages·2002·2.9 MB·English

HANDBOOK OF FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES
Volume 2
Also available from Blackwell Publishing:
Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries
Edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds
Volume 1 Fish Biology
Handbook of Fish Biology
and Fisheries
VOLUME 2
FISHERIES
EDITED BY
Paul J.B. Hart
Department of Biology
University of Leicester
AND
John D. Reynolds
School of Biological Sciences
University of East Anglia
© 2002 by Blackwell Science Ltd 
a Blackwell Publishing company 

Chapter 8 © British Crown copyright, 1999 

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Volume 2 ISBN 0‐632‐06482‐X (hbk) 
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Contents
Contributors, x
Preface, xii
Abbreviations, xiv
1 THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF FISHERIES SCIENCE, 1
Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 The origins of fisheries science, 1
1.3 The objectives of fisheries management, 2
1.4 The development of the institutions of fisheries science, 3
1.5 Who owns the fishery and for whom is it managed?, 4
1.6 The problem of uncertainty, 4
1.7 Development to increase economic efficiency or freedom? 6
1.8 Achieving sustainable development, 7
1.9 Conclusions, 8
Part 1: Background to Fisheries,11
2 FISH CAPTURE DEVICES IN INDUSTRIAL AND ARTISANAL FISHERIES
AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON MANAGEMENT, 13
Ole Arve Misund, Jeppe Kolding and Pierre Fréon
2.1 Introduction, 13
2.2 Main fish capture techniques, 13
2.3 Artisanal fisheries, 25
2.4 Conclusions, 31
3 MARKETING FISH, 37
J.A. Young and J.F. Muir
3.1 Introduction, 37
3.2 Marketing and markets, 37
vi Contents
3.3 Determination of values, 42
3.4 Creating values, 45
3.5 Communicating values, 48
3.6 Delivering values, 51
3.7 Future values, 53
3.8 Conclusions, 56
4 A HISTORY OF FISHERIES AND THEIR SCIENCE AND
MANAGEMENT, 61
Tim D. Smith
4.1 The nature of fishing, 61
4.2 Origins of fishing, 63
4.3 Overfishing, 65
4.4 Graham’s Law of Fishing, 69
4.5 Scientific bases for management, 71
4.6 Post-Second World War, 75
4.7 Conclusions, 80
5 GATHERING DATA FOR RESOURCE MONITORING AND
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 84
David Evans and Richard Grainger
5.1 Fisheries information framework, 84
5.2 Fisheries information data, 91
5.3 Fisheries data collection and management, 94
5.4 Fisheries information presentation, 99
5.5 Conclusions, 101
Part 2: Stock Assessment, 103
6 SURPLUS PRODUCTION MODELS, 105
Jon T. Schnute and Laura Richards
6.1 Introduction, 105
6.2 Graphical model, 107
6.3 Classical differential equations (model 1), 109
6.4 Special cases (model 1), 111
6.5 Equilibrium (model 1), 112
6.6 Growth models, 114
6.7 Modern difference equations (model 2), 116
6.8 Equilibrium and dynamic response (model 2), 118
6.9 Estimation: comparing models with data, 122
6.10 Model extensions, 123
6.11 Conclusions, 124
Contents vii
7 DYNAMIC POOL MODELS I: INTERPRETING THE PAST USING
VIRTUAL POPULATION ANALYSIS, 127
J.G. Shepherd and J.G. Pope
7.1 Introduction: the dynamic pool concept, 127
7.2 The distinction between retrospective analysis and forecasting, 127
7.3 Virtual population analysis (VPA): the basics, 128
7.4 Separable VPA, 135
7.5 Tuning of VPA using CPUE and survey data, 141
7.6 The extended survivors method (XSA), 149
7.7 Multispecies virtual population analysis, 156
7.8 Conclusions, 161
8 DYNAMIC POOL MODELS II: SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM
FORECASTS OF CATCH AND BIOMASS, 164
J.G. Shepherd and J.G. Pope
8.1 Short-term forecasts of catch and biomass, 164
8.2 Long-term forecasts of catch and biomass, 172
8.3 Multispecies forecasts, 184
8.4 Conclusions, 186
9 A BUMPY OLD ROAD: SIZE-BASED METHODS IN FISHERIES
ASSESSMENT, 189
Tony J. Pitcher
9.1 Introduction, 189
9.2 Age and mortality methods, 190
9.3 When length is king, 204
9.4 Conclusions, 207
10 ECOSYSTEM MODELS, 211
Daniel Pauly and Villy Christensen
10.1 Introduction: ecosystem models, 211
10.2 Multispecies models, 213
10.3 Modelling the North Sea, the North Pacific and the Gulf of Thailand, 214
10.4 Ecopath and the mass-balance approach, 215
10.5 The trophic level concept, 217
10.6 Practical uses of trophic levels: tracking food-web changes, 219
10.7 Ecosystem structure, Odum’s maturity and Ulanowicz’s ascendancy, 220
10.8 Particle-size spectra in ecosystems, 221
10.9 Ecosim, refugia and top-down vs. bottom-up control, 222
10.10 Spatial considerations in ecosystem modelling, 223
10.11 Towards a transition from single-species to ecosystem-based management, 224
10.12 Conclusions, 225
viii Contents
11 INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELS, 228
Geir Huse, Jarl Giske and Anne Gro Vea Salvanes
11.1 Introduction, 228
11.2 Specifying individuals in IBMs, 229
11.3 Features of individual-based models, 230
11.4 Formulating and testing IBMs, 236
11.5 Review of individual-based models in fisheries biology, 237
11.6 Conclusions, 244
12 THE ECONOMICS OF FISHERIES, 249
Rögnvaldur Hannesson
12.1 Introduction, 249
12.2 The surplus production model, 249
12.3 Fishing effort and fish yield, 250
12.4 Sustainable yield, 252
12.5 Optimal exploitation, 254
12.6 Time discounting, 257
12.7 Fluctuations: should catches be stabilized?, 260
12.8 Optimum fleet capacity for fluctuating stocks, 261
12.9 Management methods, 263
12.10 International issues, 265
12.11 Conclusions, 267
13 CHOOSING THE BEST MODEL FOR FISHERIES ASSESSMENT, 270
Per Sparre and Paul J.B. Hart
13.1 Introduction, 270
13.2 Basic concepts, 270
13.3 Stochastic modelling, 272
13.4 Mechanics of choosing a model, 274
13.5 Estimation of parameters, 275
13.6 The use of mathematical models in fisheries, 276
13.7 A key to models, 283
13.8 The importance of testing models, 286
13.9 Conclusions, 287
Part 3: Fisheries in a Wider Context, 291
14 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, FISH AND FISHERIES, 293
Nicholas V.C. Polunin
14.1 Introduction, 293
14.2 What happens to target species in MPAs?, 294
14.3 What are the potential benefits to fishers?, 298
14.4 What else do MPAs offer?, 305
Contents ix
14.5 Realities, advocacy and implementation of MPAs, 307
14.6 Conclusions, 311
15 EXPLOITATION AND OTHER THREATS TO FISH CONSERVATION, 319
John D. Reynolds, Nicholas K. Dulvy and Callum M. Roberts
15.1 Introduction, 319
15.2 Global status of exploited fish populations, 321
15.3 Extinction, 321
15.4 Exploitation as a cause of declines and extinction, 325
15.5 What renders species susceptible to overfishing?, 329
15.6 Conservation meets sustainable use, 332
15.7 What is needed to safeguard fish biodiversity?, 334
15.8 Conclusions, 336
16 ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS OF FISHING, 342
M.J. Kaiser and S. Jennings
16.1 Introduction, 342
16.2 Effects of harvesting target species, 342
16.3 Effects of prey removal on sea birds, 347
16.4 How fisheries affect energy subsidies, 349
16.5 Effects of removing predators, 353
16.6 Effects on benthic communities and habitats, 354
16.7 Bycatches and ghost-fishing, 358
16.8 Conclusions, 361
17 RECREATIONAL FISHING, 367
I.G. Cowx
17.1 Introduction, 367
17.2 Types of recreational fishing, 368
17.3 Recreational fishery assessment methods, 373
17.4 Management of recreational fisheries, 376
17.5 Issues relating to the development of recreational fisheries, 380
17.6 Value, 385
17.7 Conclusions, 385
Index, 391
Colour plate falls between p. 194 and p. 195
Contributors
Villy Christensen Fisheries Centre, Universi- Rögnvaldur Hannesson Norwegian School
ty of British Columbia, 2204 Main Mall, of Economics and Business Administration,
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Helleveien 30, N-5045 Bergen, Norway
v.christensen@fisheries.ubc.ca [email protected]
I.G. Cowx Hull International Fisheries Insti- Paul J.B. Hart Department of Biology, Univer-
tute, Department of Biological Sciences, Univer- sity of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
sity of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK [email protected]
[email protected]
Geir Huse Department of Fisheries and Marine
Nicholas K. Dulvy Department of Marine Sci-
Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800,
ences and Coastal Management, University of
N-5020 Bergen, Norway
Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
[email protected]
[email protected]
S. Jennings The Centre for Environment,
David Evans Fisheries Adviser, 69, Kingsmead
Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft
Road, London, SW2 3HZ, UK
Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk
evans.fi[email protected]
NR33 0HT, UK
[email protected]
Pierre Fréon Marine and Coastal Manage-
ment, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape
M.J. Kaiser School of Ocean Sciences, Univer-
Town, South Africa
sity of Wales – Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey,
[email protected]
LL59 5EY, UK
Jarl Giske Department of Fisheries and [email protected]
Marine Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box
7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway Jeppe Kolding Department of Fisheries and
[email protected] Marine Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box
7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
Richard Grainger Fisheries Department, [email protected]
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Ole Arve Misund Institute of Marine Re-
Rome, Italy search, PO Box 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
[email protected] [email protected]