Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition

355 Pages·2003·14.86 MB·English

by  Davide Maltoni

Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition
Springer
New York
Berlin
Heidelberg
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Tokyo
Davide Maltoni
Dario Maio
Anil K. Jain
Salil Prabhakar
Handbook of
Fingerprint Recognition
With 178 Illustrations
DavideMaltoni DarioMaio
BiometricSystemsLaboratory DEIS-CSITE
UniversityofBologna UniversityofBologna
Cesena,47023 Bologna,40136
Italy Italy
[email protected] [email protected]
AnilK.Jain SalilPrabhakar
DepartmentofComputerScience DigitalPersona.Inc.
andEngineering RedwoodCity,CA94063
MichiganStateUniversity USA
EastLansing,MI48824 [email protected]
USA
[email protected]
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Handbookoffingerprintrecognition/DavideMaltoni...[etal.]
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-387-95431-7(alk.paper)
1.Fingerprints—Identification. 2.Fingerprints—Classification I.Maltoni,Davide
HV6074.H252003
363.25′8—dc21 2003042439
ISBN0-387-95431-7 Printedonacid-freepaper.
©2003Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.
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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
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This eBook does not include the ancillary media that was
packaged with the original printed version of the book.
Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................ix
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................1
1.2 Biometric Systems.....................................................................................................3
1.3 A Comparison of Various Biometrics.......................................................................7
1.4 Biometric System Errors.........................................................................................13
1.5 Evaluating Biometric Systems................................................................................19
1.6 History of Fingerprints............................................................................................21
1.7 Formation of Fingerprints.......................................................................................24
1.8 Individuality of Fingerprints...................................................................................25
1.9 Fingerprint Sensing and Storage.............................................................................26
1.10 Fingerprint Representation and Feature Extraction...............................................28
1.11 Fingerprint Matching.............................................................................................31
1.12 Fingerprint Classification and Indexing................................................................33
1.13 Synthetic Fingerprints...........................................................................................35
1.14 Multimodal Biometric Systems.............................................................................36
1.15 Designing Fingerprint Recognition Systems.........................................................38
1.16 Securing Fingerprint Recognition Systems...........................................................40
1.17 Applications of Fingerprint Recognition Systems.................................................43
1.18 Privacy Issues........................................................................................................45
1.19 Summary...............................................................................................................48
1.20 Image-processing and Pattern Recognition Background.......................................50
2 Fingerprint Sensing......................................................................................................53
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................53
2.2 Fingerprint Images..................................................................................................55
2.3 Off-line Fingerprint Acquisition..............................................................................57
2.4 Live-scan Fingerprint Sensing.................................................................................59
2.5 Touch versus Sweep................................................................................................65
2.6 Fingerprint Scanners and their Features..................................................................69
2.7 Sensing Area versus Accuracy Tradeoff.................................................................75
2.8 Storing and Compressing Fingerprint Images.........................................................79
2.9 Summary.................................................................................................................81
3 Fingerprint Analysis and Representation..................................................................83
vi Contents
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................83
3.2 Fingerprint Image Processing and Feature Extraction.............................................86
3.3 Estimation of Local Ridge Orientation....................................................................87
3.4 Estimation of Local Ridge Frequency.....................................................................91
3.5 Segmentation...........................................................................................................94
3.6 Singularity and Core Detection...............................................................................96
3.7 Enhancement.........................................................................................................104
3.8 Minutiae Detection................................................................................................113
3.9 Minutiae Filtering..................................................................................................124
3.10 Estimation of Ridge Count..................................................................................128
3.11 Summary..............................................................................................................129
4 Fingerprint Matching................................................................................................131
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................131
4.2 Correlation-based Techniques...............................................................................137
4.3 Minutiae-based Methods.......................................................................................141
4.4 Global versus Local Minutiae Matching...............................................................156
4.5 Dealing with Distortion.........................................................................................160
4.6 Ridge Feature-based Matching Techniques..........................................................164
4.7 Comparing the Performance of Matching Algorithms..........................................168
4.8 Summary...............................................................................................................170
5 Fingerprint Classification and Indexing..................................................................173
5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................173
5.2 Classification Techniques......................................................................................176
5.3 Performance of Fingerprint Classification Techniques.........................................190
5.4 Fingerprint Indexing and Retrieval.......................................................................194
5.5 Summary...............................................................................................................202
6 Synthetic Fingerprint Generation.............................................................................203
6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................203
6.2 The SFINGE Method............................................................................................205
6.3 Generation of a Master Fingerprint.......................................................................208
6.4 Generation of Synthetic Fingerprint Impressions..................................................216
6.5 Validation of the Synthetic Generator...................................................................224
6.6 The SFINGE Software Tool..................................................................................228
6.7 Summary...............................................................................................................229
7 Multimodal Biometric Systems.................................................................................233
7.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................233
7.2 Performance of a Multimodal Biometric System..................................................235
7.3 Integration Strategies.............................................................................................237
7.4 What to Integrate?.................................................................................................245
Contents vii
7.5 Examples of Multimodal Biometric Systems........................................................247
7.6 Summary...............................................................................................................252
8 Fingerprint Individuality...........................................................................................257
8.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................257
8.2 Background...........................................................................................................260
8.3 A Model for Fingerprint Individuality..................................................................267
8.4 Experimental Evaluation.......................................................................................275
8.5 Summary...............................................................................................................279
9 Securing Fingerprint Systems...................................................................................281
9.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................281
9.2 Points of Attack.....................................................................................................283
9.3 Denial-of-service Attacks at the Scanner..............................................................285
9.4 Fake Finger Attacks..............................................................................................286
9.5 Trojan Horse Attacks.............................................................................................291
9.6 Replay Attacks......................................................................................................296
9.7 Cancelable/private Biometrics...............................................................................301
9.8 Coercion................................................................................................................307
9.9 Summary...............................................................................................................308
Bibliography...................................................................................................................311
Index................................................................................................................................341
Preface
Overview
Biometric recognition refers to the use of distinctive physiological and behavioral characteris-
tics (e.g., fingerprints, face, hang geometry, iris, gait, signature), called biometric identifiers or
simply biometrics, for automatically recognizing a person. Questions such as “Is this person
authorized to enter the facility?”, “Is this individual entitled to access the privileged informa-
tion?”, and “Did this person previously apply for a job?” are routinely asked in a variety of
organizations in both public and private sectors. Because biometric identifiers cannot be easily
misplaced, forged, or shared, they are considered more reliable for person recognition than
traditional token- (e.g., keys) or knowledge- (e.g., password) based methods. Biometric
recognition can provide better security, higher efficiency, and increased user convenience. It is
for these reasons that biometric systems are being either increasingly deployed or evaluated in
a large number of government (e.g., welfare disbursement, national ID card, issuing of driver’s
license) and civilian (e.g., computer network logon, automatic teller machine, cellular phone,
Web access, smartcard) applications.
A number of biometric technologies have been developed and several of them are being
used in a variety of applications. Among these, fingerprints, face, iris, speech, and hand ge-
ometry are the ones that are most commonly used. Each biometric has its strengths and weak-
nesses and the choice of a particular biometric typically depends on the requirements of an
application. Various biometric identifiers can also be compared on the following factors; uni-
versality, distinctiveness, permanence, collectability, performance, acceptability and circum-
vention. Because of the well-known distinctiveness (individuality) and persistence properties
of fingerprints over time, fingerprints are the most widely used biometric characteristics. In
fact, fingerprints and biometrics are often considered synonyms! Fingerprints have been rou-
tinely used in the forensics community for over one hundred years and automatic fingerprint
identification systems were first installed almost fifty years back. While law enforcement
agencies were the earliest adopters of the fingerprint recognition technology, more recently,
increasing identity fraud has created a growing need for biometric technology for person rec-
ognition in a number of non-forensic applications.
Fingerprint recognition is a complex pattern recognition problem; designing algorithms
capable of extracting salient features and matching them in a robust way is quite hard, espe-
x Preface
cially in poor quality fingerprint images. There is a popular misconception that automatic fin-
gerprint recognition is a fully solved problem since it was one of the first applications of ma-
chine pattern recognition almost fifty years ago. On the contrary, fingerprint recognition is still
a challenging and important pattern recognition problem.
This book reflects the progress made in automatic techniques for fingerprint recognition
over the past four decades. We attempted to organize, classify and present hundreds of exist-
ing approaches in a systematic way. We believe this would greatly facilitate both beginners
and experts of different application domains who desire to explore not only the general con-
cepts but also the intricate details of this fascinating technology.
Objectives
The aims and objectives of this book are to:
• introduce the readers to automatic techniques for fingerprint recognition. Introductory
material is provided on all components/modules of a fingerprint recognition system;
• provide an in-depth survey of the state-of-the-art in fingerprint recognition;
• present in detail recent advances in fingerprint recognition, including sensing, feature
extraction, matching and classification techniques, synthetic fingerprint generation,
multimodal biometric systems, fingerprint individuality, and design of secure finger-
print systems;
• serve as the first complete reference book on fingerprint recognition, including an ex-
haustive bibliography.
Organization and Features
After an introductory chapter, the book chapters are organized logically into four parts: finger-
print sensing (Chapter 2); fingerprint representation, matching and classification (Chapters 3,
4, and 5); advanced topics, including synthetic fingerprints, multimodal biometric systems,
and fingerprint individuality (Chapters 6, 7, and 8); and securing fingerprint systems (Chapter
9).
Chapter 1 introduces biometric systems and provides some historical remarks on finger-
prints and their adoption in forensic and civilian recognition applications. All the topics that
are covered in detail in the successive chapters are introduced here in brief. This will provide
the reader an overview of the various book chapters and let her choose a personalized reading
path. Other non-technical but important topics such as “applications” and “privacy issues” are
also discussed. Some background in image processing and pattern recognition techniques is
necessary to fully understand the majority of the book chapters. To facilitate readers who do
not have this background, references to basic readings and introductory surveys on various
topics are provided at the end of Chapter 1.
Preface xi
Chapter 2 surveys the existing fingerprint acquisition techniques: from the traditional “ink
technique” to recent optical, capacitive, thermal, and ultrasonic on-line scanners, and discusses
the factors that determine the quality of a fingerprint image. Chapter 2 also introduces the
compression techniques that are used to store the fingerprint image data in a compact form.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 provide an in-depth treatment of fingerprint feature extraction, repre-
sentation, matching, classification, and retrieval algorithms. The existing techniques are di-
vided into various categories to guide the reader through the large number of ideas proposed in
more than 400 technical papers on the subject. The main approaches are explained in detail to
help practitioners in the field understand the methodology used in commercial systems.
Chapters 6, 7, and 8 are specifically dedicated to the three cutting edge topics: synthetic
fingerprint generation, multimodal biometric systems, and fingerprint individuality, respec-
tively. Synthetic fingerprints have proven to be a valid substitute for real fingerprints for the
design and benchmarking of fingerprint-based recognition systems. Multimodal biometric
systems, that is, systems based on a combination of fingerprints with other biometrics (e.g.,
face) or a combination of different fingerprint feature extraction or matching algorithms, ap-
pear to be a promising research direction to overcome the intrinsic limitations of the existing
solutions. Scientific evidence supporting fingerprint individuality is being increasingly de-
manded in forensic, civil and commercial applications, and this has generated interest in de-
signing accurate fingerprint individuality models.
Finally, Chapter 9 discusses the design, implementation and administration of secure fin-
gerprint-based biometric systems, whose building blocks (basic algorithms) have been pre-
sented in the previous chapters. Experience and care is necessary to design and develop secure
systems. Techniques for securing biometric systems against attacks (to sensor, feature extrac-
tion and matching modules, template, and communication channels) are also discussed.
Contents of the DVD
The book includes a DVD that contains the four fingerprint databases used in the 2002 Finger-
print Verification Competition (FVC2002) and the four databases used in 2000 Fingerprint
Verification Competition (FVC2000). The DVD also contains a demonstration version of the
SFINGE software that can be used to generate synthetic fingerprint images. These real and
synthetic fingerprint images will allow interested readers to evaluate various modules of their
fingerprint recognition system and to compare their developments with the state-of-the-art
algorithms.
Intended Audience
This book will be useful to researchers, practicing engineers, and students who wish to un-
derstand and/or develop fingerprint-based recognition systems. It would also be useful as a