Handbook of Executive Functioning PDF
Preview Handbook of Executive Functioning
Sam Goldstein · Jack A. Naglieri Editors Handbook of Executive Functioning Handbook of Executive Functioning Sam Goldstein (cid:129) Jack A. Naglieri Editors Handbook of Executive Functioning Editors Sam Goldstein Jack A. Naglieri Neurology, Learning Curry School of Education and Behavior Center University of Virginia Salt Lake City , UT , USA Charlottesville , VA , USA ISBN 978-1-4614-8105-8 ISBN 978-1-4614-8106-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013949438 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) I would like to recognize my parents Martha and Sam Naglieri for teaching how executive function works in the real world. Their example of considering how to do what you do was exemplary. Jack A. Naglieri I am grateful to all of the exceptional colleagues I have had the good fortune to work with and learn from over my 40-year career. This text is dedicated to them and to my dear wife Sherrie from whom I gather strength each day. This work is also dedicated to the memory of my son-in-law, Brandon Custer. Sam Goldstein We want to thank our authors for their willingness to contribute to this volume. As always we could not complete a volume such as this one without the organizational expertise of Ms. Kathleen Gardner. Sam Goldstein and Jack A. Naglieri Management is effi ciency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership determines whether the ladder is leaning against the right wall. Stephen Covey Effi ciency is doing things right; effectiveness is doing the right things. Peter Drucker Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn. Benjamin Franklin vii Pref ace In 1848, while working with Phineas Gage, a young man who miraculously survived a severe injury to his brain, physician John Martyn Harlow observed that Gage had lost the balance between his “intellectual faculties and animal propensities.” He had diffi culty making plans and his loss of control led him to be disrespectful and profane. Gage cared little as to how his behavior and actions affected others. He went from being a model railroad foreman to an out-of-work stable hand and eventually 12 years after his injury passing away at the age of 36 following a series of seizures. It is now well accepted that the injury Gage suffered adversely impacted the frontal lobes governing the effi cient operation of his brain. In the last 50 years, an interest in this part of the brain and its operation has come to the forefront for many researchers and clinicians. The frontal lobes have become increasingly conceptualized as a governor or executive. In the 1890s, Oppenheim associated personality changes with the orbital and mesial frontal lobes (Oppenheim 1890, 1891). The term “executive” was used some 40 years ago by Luria as he described the functions of the frontal lobes or his third functional unit as serving an executive role (Luria, 1980). Executive functioning has come to represent a number of mental processes which allows individuals to use thought to govern behavior and to perform complex activi- ties involving planning, organizing, strategizing, controlling, and sustaining attention and self-management. Executive dysfunction has been documented in a diversity of conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, white matter lesions, borderline personality disorder, substance abuse, multiple sys- tem atrophy, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, autism, attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder, progressive supranuclear palsy, CADASIL, and Korsakoff syndrome. Ironically, individuals experiencing executive function problems, the result of either atypical development or trauma, often retain their memory and capacity to master academic skills but they struggle how to effi ciently use what they know. They are inconsistent, unpredictable, and often poorly self-governed. They are ineffi cient in their ability to make plans, keep track of time, evaluate their behavior, and socialize appropriately. Typically they struggle in many critical aspects of life. In this textbook, we have sought to bring together the leading theoreti- cians, researchers, and clinical practitioners involved with the scientifi c examination, assessment, and clinical and educational application of executive ix
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