Handbook of energy harvesting power supplies and applications

586 Pages·2015·22.521 MB·English

by  Mateu, Loreto, Pollak, Markus, Spies, Peter

Handbook of
Energy Harvesting
Power Supplies
and Applications
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Handbook of
Energy Harvesting
Power Supplies
and Applications
editors
Preben Maegaard
edited by
Anna Krenz
WolfgaPneg tPearl zSpies | Loreto Mateu | Markus Pollak
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy

Wind Power
for the World
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
April16,2015 11:1 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Peter-Spies-prelims
Contents
Preface xv
1 SystemDesign 1
LoretoMateuandPeterSpies
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 InputEnergy 2
1.3 EnergyTransducer 9
1.4 Rectifier 14
1.5 PowerManagementUnit 15
1.6 LoadDevice 17
1.6.1 ContinuousandDiscontinuousLoadOperation 18
1.6.2 Low-PowerSensors 22
1.6.3 Low-PowerMicrocontrollersandTransceivers 25
1.7 EnergyStorageElement 27
1.8 CombinationofSeveralInputEnergies 28
1.9 EnergyNeutralOperation 29
1.9.1 GeneralConditionsforEnergyNeutral
Operation 33
1.9.2 ConditionsforEnergyNeuralOperationwith

NPowerConsumptionModes 37
1.10Conclusion 39
2 InputEnergy 45
LoretoMateu,WilliamKaal,MonikaFreunekMu¨ller,
BirgerZimmermann,andUliWu¨rfel
2.1 MechanicalEnergy 46
2.1.1 CharacterizationofParameters 47
2.1.1.1 Characterizationofvibrations 47
2.1.1.2 Kineticenergyharvestingmodel 49
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vi Contents
2.1.1.3 Findingoptimalpositionsonthe
mechanicalstructure 50
2.1.2 MeasurementSetup 52
2.1.2.1 Accelerometers 53
2.1.3 ExperimentalSetup 55
2.1.3.1 Electrodynamicvibrators 55
2.2 Light 57
2.2.1 SpectraofCommonLightSources 58
2.2.2 MeasurementTechniques 60
2.2.2.1 Pyranometers 60
2.2.2.2 Pyrheliometers 61
2.2.2.3 Sunshinerecorders 61
2.2.2.4 Siliconirradiancesensors 62
2.2.2.5 Luxmeter 62
2.2.2.6 Spectroradiometers 63
2.2.2.7 Numericalapproach:ray-tracing
programs 64
2.2.3 ExperimentalSetup 64
2.2.3.1 Solarsimulators 64
2.3 ThermalEnergy 65
2.3.1 CharacterizationofParameters 67
2.3.2 MeasurementSetup 68
2.3.3 ExperimentalSetup 74
2.3.3.1 Thermoelectriccoolermodel 74
3 PiezoelectricTransducers 79
BernhardBrunner,MatthiasKurch,andWilliamKaal
3.1 History 79

3.2 MaterialProcessing 80
3.2.1 PhysicalPhenomena 84
3.2.2 MechatronicModel 88
3.3 PowerConversion 93
3.4 ImpedanceoftheElectricNetwork 97
3.4.1 WeakCoupling 99
3.4.2 OptimalResistanceandPower 101
3.5 ApplicationofSeveralIdenticalTransducers 109
3.5.1 AnalyticalConsideration 110
3.5.2 SeriesConnectionofTwoGenerators 111
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Contents vii
3.5.3 Discussionoftheresults 112
3.5.4 ExperimentalVerification 114
3.6 Conclusion 115
4 ElectromagneticTransducers 119
DirkSpreemannandBerndFolkmer
4.1 LiteratureReviewand“StateoftheArt”in
ElectromagneticVibrationTransducers 119
4.2 ConclusionsfromtheLiterature 123
4.3 Introduction 126
4.4 MechanicalSubsystem 126
4.4.1 LinearSpringSystem 126
4.4.2 NonlinearSpringSystem 128
4.5 ElectromagneticSubsystem 131
4.5.1 BasicsonElectromagneticInduction 131
4.5.2 ElectricalNetworkRepresentation 133
4.6 OverallSystem 136
4.6.1 GeneralBehaviour 136
4.6.2 First-OrderPowerEstimation 137
4.7 CharacterizationandHandlingofMachinery-Induced
Vibration 140
4.8 ConclusionsfromAnalyticalAnalyses 144
4.9 Introduction 150
4.10 AvailableVibration:TheBasisforDevelopment 151
4.10.1 CouplingArchitectureandBoundary
Condition 152
4.11 OptimizationProcedure 154
4.11.1 CalculationofMagneticFluxGradient 154

4.11.2 GeneralCalculationMethod 156
4.11.3 OptimizationResults 158
4.12 ResonatorDesign 161
4.13 TransductionFactor 166
4.14 FrequencyResponseCharacterisation 169
5 ElectrostaticTransducers 175
DanielHoffmannandBerndFolkmer
5.1 PhysicalPrinciple 175
5.1.1 Introduction 175
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viii Contents
5.1.2 EnergyConversionMechanism 177
5.1.3 SwitchedOperationScheme 178
5.1.4 ContinuousOperationScheme 181
5.2 Implementation 183
5.2.1 GeneralDesignConsiderations 183
5.2.2 ElectrodeGeometry 184
5.3 AnalyticalandNumericalModels 193
5.3.1 AnalyticalDescription 193
5.4 NumericalModel 196
5.5 PowerOutputandDeviceBehavior 198
5.5.1 DeviceDesign 198
5.5.2 DeviceBehavior 199
5.6 DeviceFabricationandCharacterization 204
5.6.1 Fabrication 204
5.6.2 Characterization 207
5.7 OptimizationConsiderations 210
6 ThermoelectricGenerators 217
RobertHahnandJanD.Ko¨nig
6.1 PhysicalPrinciples 217
6.1.1 TheSeebeckEffect 218
6.1.2 PeltierEffect 219
6.1.3 ThomsonEffect 219
6.1.4 KelvinRelation 220
6.2 ConversionEfficiencyandFigureofMerit 220
6.2.1 ThermoelectricGenerationEfficiency 220
6.2.2 ThermoelectricFigureofMerit 223
6.3 ThermoelectricMaterials 226

6.3.1 TheoreticalMaterialAspects 226
6.3.2 MaterialsResearch 227
6.3.3 TechnicalRelevantMaterials 230
6.4 ThermoelectricModuleConstruction 231
6.5 Microgenerators 239
6.5.1 MicrogeneratorsinVerticalConfiguration 241
6.5.2 MicrogeneratorsinHorizontal
Configuration 246
6.6 System-LevelDesignandTEGIntegrationinto
Energy-HarvestingApplications 248
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Contents ix
6.6.1 ModelatSystemLevel 248
6.6.2 HumanBodyIntegrationofTEGsforWearable
Electronics 250
6.6.3 ExploitationofTemperatureChangesand
TransientTEGBehaviour 252
6.7 Conclusions 253
7 SolarCells 257
MonikaFreunekMu¨ller,BirgerZimmermann,
andUliWu¨rfel
7.1 PhotovoltaicDevices 257
7.1.1 MaximumEfficiencyofSolarCells 262
7.2 PhotovoltaicsinMicroEnergyHarvesting
Applications 267
7.2.1 DemonstratedEfficienciesatStandardTest
Conditions 268
7.2.2 DemonstratedEfficienciesandMeasurements
atIndoorConditions 268
7.2.3 OutsideandStandardConditions 270
7.2.3.1 Summaryoutdoorconditions 272
7.2.4 IndoorConditions 272
7.2.4.1 Summaryindoorconditions 275
7.3 TailoringtheCurrent-,Voltage-,andPowerOutputof
PhotovoltaicCells 276
7.3.1 OptimizationoftheCircuitryGeometry 277
7.3.2 LayoutforSpecificApplications 280
7.3.3 ModuleLayoutforaSystemwithoutEnergy
Storage 282

7.3.4 LayoutofaSystemwithEnergyStorage 283
7.4 ConcludingRemarks 286
8 DC–DCConverters 295
MarkusPollak
8.1 LinearRegulators 296
8.1.1 ElectricalCircuit 296
8.1.2 AnalyticalModel 297
8.1.3 EfficiencyCalculation 298
8.1.4 DesignOptimization 298
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x Contents
8.2 SwitchingRegulators 298
8.2.1 BuckConverter 299
8.2.1.1 Physicalprinciples 299
8.2.1.2 Electricalcircuit 300
8.2.1.3 Analyticalmodel 302
8.2.1.4 Efficiencycalculation 307
8.2.1.5 Designoptimization 309
8.2.2 BoostConverter 310
8.2.2.1 Physicalprinciples 310
8.2.2.2 Electricalcircuit 311
8.2.2.3 Analyticalmodel 311
8.2.2.4 Efficiencycalculation 316
8.2.3 Buck-BoostConverter 317
8.2.3.1 Physicalprinciples 317
8.2.3.2 Electricalcircuit 317
8.2.3.3 Analyticalmodel 318
8.2.4 FlybackConverter 322
8.2.5 ChargePump 323
8.2.5.1 Physicalprinciples 323
8.2.5.2 Electricalcircuit 325
8.2.5.3 Analyticalmodel 326
8.2.5.4 Efficiencycalculation 328
8.2.5.5 Designoptimization 334
8.2.6 MeissnerOscillatorBasedConverter 336
8.2.6.1 Physicalprinciples 336
8.2.6.2 Electricalcircuit 336
8.2.6.3 Simulationresults 337
8.2.7 MatchingLoads 340

8.2.7.1 Analyticalmodel 340
8.2.7.2 Physicalprinciples 344
8.2.7.3 Electricalcircuit 346
8.2.7.4 Efficiencyconsiderations 347
9 AC–DCConverters 351
LoretoMateuandPeterSpies
9.1 AC–DCConvertersforPiezoelectricTransducers 352
9.1.1 VoltageDoubler 352
9.1.2 Half-WaveRectifierwithVoltageDoubler 354
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC