Handbook of Dialysis Therapy

1265 Pages·2017·22.029 MB·English

by  Allen R. Nissenson, Richard E. Fine

Handbook of
Dialysis
Therapy
Handbook of
Dialysis
Therapy
5th Edition
Allen R. Nissenson, MD
Chief Medical Officer
DaVita Kidney Care
Emeritus Professor of Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, California
Richard N. Fine, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Stony Brook Medicine
Stony Brook, New York
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
HANDBOOK OF DIALYSIS THERAPY, FIFTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-39154-2
Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Previous editions copyrighted 2008 and 2002
Ch. 13, “Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis,” copyrighted by Joanne D. Pittard
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of
each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on
their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Nissenson, Allen R., editor. | Fine, Richard N., editor.
Title: Handbook of dialysis therapy / [edited by] Allen R. Nissenson, Richard N. Fine.
Description: 5. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016023558 | ISBN 9780323391542 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Renal Dialysis
Classification: LCC RC901.7.H45 | NLM WJ 378 | DDC 617.4/61059—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016023558
Content Strategist: Maureen Iannuzzi
Content Development Specialist: Angie Breckon
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Ted Rodgers
Design Direction: Ryan Cook
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Sylvia
Nissenson, who died after a long and debilitating illness
in 2013. Her love, charm, wit, and deep sense of caring for
others still inspire me and motivate me to try even harder
to help patients and contribute to the good of society.
Though no longer here, she will always be a part of me.
Allen R. Nissenson, MD
I would like to dedicate this edition of Handbook of Dialysis
to my wife of 44 years, Shawney, whose encouragement,
support, and advice have made the journey to facilitate
access to ESRD care for children of all ages possible, as well
as our 4 children and 11 grandchildren, 2 of whom
aspire to become physicians. They have tolerated
my conflicting priorities over the years. I appreciate
their continued understanding.
Richard N. Fine, MD
C O N T R I B U T O R S
Rajiv Agarwal, MBBS, MD, DNB, FAHA, FASN
Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University; Staff
Physician, Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center,
Indianapolis, Indiana
Alessio Aghemo, MD
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maggiore Hospital and IRCCS
Foundation, University School of Medicine, Milano, Italy
Ali Al-Lawati, MD
Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
Michael Allon, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Walter S. Andrews, MD
Professor of Surgery, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine;
Director, Pediatric Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children’s
Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Rachel A. Annunziato, PhD
Associate Professor of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York;
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,
New York, New York
Carlos E. Araya, MD
Assistant Professor, University of Central Florida; Division of Pediatric
Nephrology, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, Florida
Arif Asif, MD
Chair and Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Jersey Shore Medical Center, Meridian Health, Neptune, New Jersey
Rose M. Ayoob, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Director of the Pediatric Renal Dialysis Unit,
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine,
Columbus, Ohio
Rossana Baracco, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
vii
viii Contributors
Joanne Bargman, MD, FRCPC
The Home Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, University Health Network, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Gerald A. Beathard, MD, PhD, FASN
Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch;
Co-Medical Director, Lifeline Vascular Access, Galveston, Texas
Antonio Bellasi, MD
Division of Nephrology, ASST-Lariana, Ospedale Sant’Anna, Como, Italy
William M. Bennett, MD
Medical Director, Legacy Transplant Services, Portland, OR
Jeffrey S. Berns, MD
Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension
Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Scott Bieber, DO
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Washington; Medical
Director, Scribner Kidney Center, Northwest Kidney Centers, Seattle, Washington
Geoffrey A. Block, MD
Director of Research, Denver Nephrologists, PC, Denver, Colorado
Paola Boccardo, BiolSciD
IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Clinical Research
Center for Rare Diseases “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Ranica (Bergamo), Italy
Andrew Brookens, MD
Nephrology Fellow, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Patrick D. Brophy, MD, MHCDS
Director, Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Stead Family
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
Iowa
Steven Brunelli, MD, MSCE
Vice President of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, DaVita Clinical
Research, Denver, Colorado
John M. Burkart, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina
David Bushinsky, MD
Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and
Dentistry, Rochester, New York
Contributors ix
Vito M. Campese, MD
Division of Nephrology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California
Celina Denise Cepeda, MD
Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital; Division of Nephrology,
University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California
Vimal Chadha, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of
Medicine; Director, Acute Kidney Injury Program, and Associate Director,
Dialysis and Transplantation, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Christopher T. Chan, MD, FRCPC
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Deepa H. Chand, MD, MHSA, FASN
Associate Medical Director, Abbvie Research and Development; Visiting
Associate Professor, Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois
Anthony Chang, MD
Professor of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Tara I. Chang, MD, MS
Instructor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California
Chaim Charytan, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Cornell University College of Medicine, New
York, New York; Chief, Renal Division, New York Hospital Medical Center of
Queens, Flushing, New York
Joline L.T. Chen, MD, MS
Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Attending
Physician, Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, Long Beach Veteran
Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
Wei Chen, MD
Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and
Dentistry, Rochester, New York
Ronco Claudio, MD
Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital,
International Renal Research Institute, Vicenza, Italy
x Contributors
Allan J. Collins, MD, FACP
Director, Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research
Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Professor, Department of Medicine,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
John H. Crabtree
Visiting Clinical Faculty, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-
University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
Lisa E. Crowley, MBChB, MRCP (UK), PhD
Post Doctoral Fellow, Kidney Clinical Research Unit, London Health Sciences
Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
Daniel Cukor, PhD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,
New York
Simon J. Davies, MD
Professor of Nephrology and Dialysis Medicine, Institute for Applied Clinical
Sciences, Keele University; Professor, Department of Nephrology, University
Hospital of North Midlands, Royal Infirmary, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire,
United Kingdom
Serpil Muge Deger, MD
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
Thomas A. Depner, MD
Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of California Davis, Sacramento,
California
Jose A. Diaz-Buxo, MD, MS, FACP
Advisor, Fresenius Medical Care Renal Therapies Group, Waltham, Massachusetts;
Chairman of the RRI Research Board, New York, New York
Lesley C. Dinwiddie, MSN, RN, FNP, CNNe
Senior Vice President, Institute for Clinical Excellence, Education, and Research,
Wheaton, Illinois
Ramanath Dukkipati, MD
Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and UCLA School of
Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine,
California
Sarah E. Duncan, MA
Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program, Fordham University, Bronx, New York
Fabrizio Fabrizi, MD
Staff Nephrologist, Division of Nephrology, Maggiore Hospital and IRCCS
Foundation, University School of Medicine, Milano, Italy
Contributors xi
Michel Fischbach, MD
Head of Pediatric Department and Professor of Pediatrics, Children Dialysis Unit,
University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Steven Fishbane, MD
Professor of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine; Chief, Division of
Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, North Shore
University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Great Neck,
New York
William Henry Fissell IV, MD
Associate Professor, Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee
Bethany Foster, MD, MSCE
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
Pediatric Nephrologist, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Miriam Galbusera, BiolSciD
IRCCS—Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria
Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
F. John Gennari, MD
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine,
Burlington, Vermont
Marc Ghannoum, MD
Associate Professor of Specialized Medicine, University of Montreal, Verdun
Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Sassan Ghazan-Shahi, MD, FRCPC
The Home Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, University Health Network, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Stuart L. Goldstein, MD
Director, Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Frank A. Gotch, MD
Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of
San Francisco, San Francisco, California
Sharlene Greenwood, PhD
Consultant Physiotherapist in Renal and Exercise Rehabilitation, King’s College
Hospital; Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Department of Renal Medicine,
King’s College, London, United Kingdom
Dieter Haffner, MD
Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical
School, Hannover, Germany
xii Contributors
Rainer Himmele, MD, MSHM
Vice President Medical Information, Fresenius Medical Care Renal Therapies
Group, Waltham, Massachusetts
Janet E. Holland, RN, CNN
Senior Clinical Research Manager, DaVita Clinical Research, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
Jean L. Holley, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Carle
Physician Group, Urbana, Illinois
Clifford Holmes, PhD
Renal Therapeutic Area, Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, Illinois
Stephen R. Hooper, PhD
Pediatric Neuropsychologist, Associate Dean and Chair, Department of Allied
Health Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina
Daljit K. Hothi, MBBS, MRCPCH, MD
Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist, Nephrology Department, Great Ormond Street
Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
Susan Hou, MD
Professor of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola
University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Alastair J. Hutchison, MBChB, FRCP, MD
Clinical Professor of Renal Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science
Centre; Clinical Head of Division of Specialist Medicine, Manchester Royal
Infirmary; Consultant Nephrologist, Renal Unit, Manchester Institute of
Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester, United Kingdom
T. Alp Ikizler, MD
Catherine McLaughlin-Hakim Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville,
Tennessee
Bertrand L. Jaber, MD, MS
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center,
Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Sarbjit Vanita Jassal, MD
Staff Nephrologist and Director, Geriatric Dialysis Program, Division of
Nephrology, University Health Network; Professor of Medicine, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada