Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology

528 Pages·1990·11.489 MB·English

by  Thomas M. Achenbach (auth.), Michael Lewis, Suzanne M. Miller (eds.)

Handbook of
Developtnental
Psychopathology
Handbook of
Developmental
Psychopathology
Edited by
Michael Lewis
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
New Brunswick, New Jersey
and
Suzanne M. Miller
Temple University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Plenum Press • New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Handbook of developmental csychopathology I edited by Michael le~ts
and Suzanne M. Miller.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7144-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7142-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7142-1
1. Child psychopathology. 2. Child development. I. lewis,
Michael, 1937 Jan. 10- II. Miller Suzanne M.
[DNlM, 1. Child Development Disorders. 2. Mental Disorders--in
infancy & childhood. WS 350 H2359J
RJ499.H332 1990
616.92'69--dc20
DNLM/DlC
for library of Congress 69-23243
CIP
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N,Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Thomas M. Achenbach Janet P. Boldizar
Center for Children, Youth, and Families Department of Sociology and Social Psychology
Department of Psychiatry Florida Atlantic University
University of Vermont College of Medicine Boca Raton, Florida 33431-0991
Burlington, Vermont 05401
Bret A. Boyer
Department of Psychology
Ilana Attie
Temple University
New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
Westchester Division
White Plains, New York 10605
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
Educational Testing Service
Princeton, New Jersey 08525
Gabor Barabas
Department of Pediatric Neurology
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Patrick Burke
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0019 Behavioral Science Division
Children's Hospital
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2583
Russell A. Barkley
Department of Psychiatry Susan B. Campbell
University of Massachusetts Medical Center Department of Psychology
Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
Andrew Baum
Dennis P. Cantwell
Department of Medical Psychology
Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University of the Health
University of California at Los Angeles
Sciences
Neuropsychiatric Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20814
Los Angeles, California 90024
Adina Birnbaum Alice S. Carter
Department of Psychology Child Study Center
Temple University Yale University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 New Haven, Connecticut 06510-8009
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Dante Cicchetti Leonard D. Eron
Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry Department of Psychology
University of Rochester, and University of Illinois
Mt. Hope Family Center Chicago, Illinois 60680
Rochester, New York 14608
Janet E. Fischel
Judith A. Crowell
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Psychiatry
State University of New York at Stony Brook
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York 11794
Stony Brook, New York 11794
Robert Cohen Norman Garmezy
Department of Psychology Department of Psychology
Center for Applied Psychological Research University of Minnesota
Memphis State University Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Memphis, Tennessee 38152
Sara Harkness
Laura M. Davidson
Department of Human Development and
Department of Medical Psychology
Family Studies
Uniformed Services University of the Health
College of Health and Human Development
Sciences
Pennsylvania State University
Bethesda, Maryland 20814
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Curtis K. Deutsch
Shriver Center Margaret E. Hertzig
Waltham, Massachusetts 02254; and Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School Cornell University Medical College
Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Payne Whitney Clinic
New York, New York 10021
Susanne E. Dunn
Department of Psychology Jeffrey A. Hoffman
Duke University 703 Northwest Terrace
Durham, North Carolina 27706 Silver Springs, Maryland 20902
Denise Durbin
Patricia Howlin
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Temple University
University of London
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
Institute of Psychiatry
de Crespigny Park
Jacquelynne S. Eccles
London SE5 8AF, England
Department of Psychology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 L. Rowell H uesmann
Present address: Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology
University of Colorado University of Illinois
Boulder, Colorado 80309 Chicago, Illinois 60680
Nancy Eisenberg Jerome Kagan
Department of Psychology Department of Psychology
Arizona State University Harvard University
Tempe, Arizona 85281 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
vii
CONTRIBUTORS
Marcel Kinsbourne Suzanne M. Miller
Shriver Center Department of Psychology
Waltham, Massachusetts 02254, and Temple University
Harvard Medical School Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Katherine Nitz
Sharon Landesman Department of Human Development and Family
Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology Studies
Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center Pennsylvania State University
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-8180
Kurt Olsen
Mary D. Laney Department of Psychology
Department of Pediatrics University of Rochester
UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rochester, New York 14608
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
David G. Perry
Michael Lewis Department of Psychology
Institute for the Study of Child Development Florida Atlantic University
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Boca Raton, Florida 33431-0991
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey Louise C. Perry
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0019 Department of Psychology
Florida Atlantic University
Robert M. Liebert Boca Raton, Florida 33431-0991
Department of Psychology
State University of New York at Stony Brook Anne C. Petersen
Stony Brook, New York 11794 Department of Human Development
Pennsylvania State University
Barclay Martin University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Department of Psychology
University of North Carolina Robert Plomin
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 Department of Human Development and Family
Studies
Frank J. Menolascino Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Department of Psychiatry
University of Nebraska, and
Creighton University Joaquim Puig-Antich
Omaha, Nebraska 68105 Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Andrew W. Meyers
Department of Psychology Martha Putallaz
Center for Applied Psychological Research Department of Psychology
Memphis State University Duke University
Memphis, Tennessee 38152 Durham, North Carolina 27706
Paul Miller LynnP. Rehm
Department of Psychology Department of Psychology
Arizona State University University of Houston
Tempe, Arizona 85281 Houston, Texas 7720~5341
viii CONTRIBUTORS
J. Steven Reznick Nancy Snidman
Department of Psychology Department of Psychology
Yale University Harvard University
New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Michelle Rodoletz Charles M. Super
Department of Psychology Department of Human Development and Family
Temple University Studies
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 College of Health and Human Development
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Donald K. Routh
Department of Psychology
Everett Waters
University of Miami
Department of Psychology
Coral Gables, Florida 33124
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York 11794
David C. Rowe
Department of Family Studies
Charles Wenar
University of Arizona
Department of Psychology
Tucson, Arizona 85721
Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio 43210-1222
David E. Scharff
Washington School of Psychiatry
Allan Wigfield
Washington, DC 20009
Institute for Social Research
University of Michigan
Theodore Shapiro Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
Department of Psychiatry Present address: Department of Human
Cornell University Medical College Development
Payne Whitney Clinic University of Maryland
New York, New York 10021 College Park, Maryland 20742
Judith G. Smetana William Yule
Graduate School of Education and Human Department of Psychology
Development University of London
University of Rochester Institute of Psychiatry
Rochester, New York 14627 de Crespigny Park
London SE5 8AF, England
Foreword
Developmental psychopathology is the new child on the block. As yet not an overly sturdy
child, but one clearly out of the cradle, an active toddler and an enterprising explorer of the
boundaries of its province. It wasn't always so.
Only 15 years ago Thomas Achenbach in publishing the first edition of his book used a
recently coined title, Developmental Psychopathology, and began the volume with a
provoking first sentence: "This is a book about a field that hardly exists yet. " Seven years
later when the second edition appeared, that sentence had been deleted. In place of the
original 13-page chapter, on the "Developmental Approach to Psychopathology in Chil
dren," there was a 40-page chapter focused on the biological, cognitive, social-emotional,
and educational perspectives in development, together with a lengthy account of develop
mental periods and an integrative statement on the constituents of a developmental
framework.
Other signs and symptoms began to appear. Child Development, a doyen for develop
mentalists, devoted a special issue, under the guest editorship of Dante Cicchetti, to an
emergent developmental psychopathology. This year saw the publication of a new journal,
Development and Psychopathology (1989), edited by Cicchetti and Nurcombe. And attend
ees at recent meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development can attest to the
growing interest of the membership in the linkage of development and psychopathology as
seen and heard via posters, symposia, and guest speakers.
Now there comes another milestone, this Handbook of Developmental Psycho
pathology, which readers will quickly identify as a gateway volume to a new interdisciplin
ary basic and clinical science. The discipline is sufficiently youthful that definitions as to its
contents and course may vary even as promulgated by several of the contributing authors to
this volume. Some examples:
. . . a general approach to understanding relations between development and its maladaptive devia
tions (Achenbach).
Developmental psychopathology is the study of the prediction of the development of maladaptive
behaviors and processes (Lewis).
. . . normal development gone awry . . . the search for understanding is conducted at the interface
between normal and abnormal development (Wenar).
A developmental perspective on the study of psychopathology takes into account the continuities and
discontinuities between normal growth and psychological disorder, age-related changes in modes of
adaptation and symptom expression, behavioral reorganizations that occur around salient developmental
challenges, internal and external sources of competence and vulnerability, and the effects of development
on pathology and of pathology on development (Attie, Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen).
ix
x FOREWORD
Actually, these and other authors in their chapters provide case and research examples
that reflect a commonality of definition not unlike the editorial commentary written by
editor Cicchetti on the first page of the first issue of the first volume of Development and
Psychopathology.
The emphasis is thus placed on the developmental course of disorder, but always in
relation to non-disordered behavior as well. There is interest too in the origins of disordered
behavior that may not appear clinically until adulthood. Differential diagnoses, treatment,
and prognosis, while important, are to be viewed contextually against the background of
development. "The developmental psychopathologist," these authors note, "is concerned
with the origins and time course of a given disorder, its varying manifestations with
development, its precursors and sequelae, and its relation to non-disordered patterns of
behavior. " This last phrase is particularly important, for as Sroufe and Rutter (1984) earlier
noted, developmental psychopathologists are equally interested in children who may evi
dence precursors of a disordered behavior pattern, yet fail to develop the disorder proper, as
well as those who in time manifest the complete pattern of pathology.
This orientation to two groups, those who actualize their risk potential and others who,
despite equivalent risk status, escape disorder, accords centrality to the concepts of risk and
protective factors, elements which reflect the province and contributions of epidemiology.
For Sroufe and Rutter, risk research is in many ways "the paradigmatic developmental
psychopathology" with its emphasis on longitudinal study and differentials in the develop
mental course of at- risk subjects, control, and comparison groups. The significant contrasts
are with those who go on to develop the disorder as opposed to those who do not. Those who
escape disorder spur the search for so-called "protective" factors that operate to contain
risk. Such exemplars can provide a deepened understanding of development, and in time,
an empirical basis for primary preventi9n efforts. Thus the significance of contrasts of
clinically disordered children and adults with their more adaptive counterparts lies in
providing new insights into variants that reflect individualized biogenetic, familial, en
vironmental, and personality elements. Thus, one can anticipate research programs of the
future that will reflect the multiplicity of sciences that contribute to the role of development
in psychopathology.
This handbook, in part, demonstrates this hoped-for catholicity of viewpoints. In
terms of coverage, the 37 chapters of this volume attend to the major disorders set forth in
DSM-ill-R under the heading of "Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood,
or Adolescence." In many instances the effort has been made (with varying degrees of
success) to provide a developmental emphasis in relation to these diverse disorders. But the
constraints when these are evident are less author~imposed than they are field-imposed,
reflecting the status of a classification system often devoid of a developmental focus. To
bolster the effort the editors' have wisely organized multiple chapters around a given
disorder to provide a needed diversity that typically is absent in psychiatric texts. For
example, attention deficit disorder is discussed in chapters by Barkley (" Attention Deficit
Disorders: History, Definition, and Diagnosis' '), Campbell (' 'The Socialization and Social
Development of Hyperactive Children"), and Deutsch and Kinsbourne ("Genetics and
Biochemistry in Attention Deficit Disorder").
Conduct Disorder provides even more diversity, via six chapters that brook across the
disorder and provide research reviews on "Behavioral Genetics and Aggressive Behavior
in Childhood" (Plomin, Nitz, & Rowe), "The Learning of Aggression" (Perry, Perry,
& Boldizar), "The Stability of Aggressive Behavior" (Eron & Huesmann), "Morality
and Conduct Disorders" (Smetana), and "The Development of Prosocial Behavior versus
Nonprosocial Behavior in Children" (Eisenberg & Miller).
Anxiety disorders are given a similar outreach in chapters on their "Nature and
Development" (Miller), "Separation Anxiety" (Crowell & Waters), "Test Anxiety in
the School Setting" (Wigfield & Eccles), "Posttraumatic Stress in Children following
Natural and Human-Made Trauma" (Davidson & Baum). To this array I would add the
xi
FOREWORD
significant chapter by Kagan on the "Temperamental Qualities of Inhibition and Lack of
Inhibition, " particularly in light of recent accounts of behavioral inhibition in children of
parents manifesting panic disorder and agoraphobia (see Rosenbaum et al. in the May, 1988
issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry).
Depression too is given a broad canvas with superb chapters by Cantwell ("Depres
sion across the Early Life Span"), Miller and Birnbaum ("Etiological Perspectives on
Depression in Childhood"), Burke and Puig-Antich ("Psychobiology of Childhood De
pression") and Rehm and Carter ("Cognitive Components of Depression").
I hesitate to single out any individual chapters, given the breadth and depth of this
excellent volume, but to the reader interested in the efforts to link contexts of development
to institutional settings and to treatment potential for behavior disorder in children, I
strongly recommend Landesman's chapter "Institutionalization Revisited: Expanding
Views on Early and Cumulative Life Experiences," as well as Meyers and Cohen's
"Cognitive Behavioral Approaches to Child Psychopathology: Present Status and Future
Directions. "
In several ways Landesman exemplifies the power of a developmental focus in relation
to individual adaptation to institutional experiences and environments. I find a tie to the
critical attributes of a developmental psychopathology contained in her commentary on the
predictive features of institutions. Landesman emphasizes the functional characteristics of
the child's care-providing environment, such as the quality and amount of social interac
tion, the presence of developmentally appropriate activities, and the variety of choices
available to the children. These she asserts are more important in terms of consequences for
the child than are the usual structural characteristics such as the size of the facility, the ratio
of adult staff to children, etc. In this regard I commend to the reader similar observations by
Trudy Festinger in her volume on the consequences of foster care for disadvantaged
minority youth (Festinger, 1983).
This emphasis on institutional climate has its parallel in renewed efforts to study the
impact of school climate on the development of competence in children from disadvantaged
environments (see Comer, 1980; Mortimer, Sammons, Stoll, Lewis, & Ecob, 1988; Rutter,
Maughan, Mortimer, & Ouston, 1979).
Here the joint power of environmental and individual variation serve as co-influencing
factors in the patterns of children's adaptation. Although not an uncommon event it is an
understudied one now being redeemed by the efforts of developmental researchers to look
both at the "haves" and the "have-nots" under conditions of equivalent disadvantage.
Another chapter in this superb volume that is required reading is Cicchetti and Olsen's
"Developmental Psychopathology of Child Maltreatment." If one wishes to see how the
developmental sciences can contribute to needed knowledge about the origins of psycho
pathology, it is contained in this chapter on child abuse. Example after example of develop
mental research on maltreated children is provided that produces insights into the conse
quences of such stressful family pathology on the behavioral functioning of victimized
children. An added bonus is the authors' listing of 12 recommendations for future research
directions.
To these 12 I would add several others:
• Pursuit of the underlying mechanisms for factors identified as "risk" or "protec
tive" in their action
• The search for the substrates of defined competencies in different behavioral
domains
• An increased emphasis on the biology and psychology of temperament and their
phenotypic transformations over time
• Short-term longitudinal studies of children's adaptation particularly at critical
transition points in development
• Rigorous efforts to define more adequately a typology of coping responses, the