Handbook of Data Communications and Networks

1115 Pages·1999·48.63 MB·English

by  Bill Buchanan (auth.)

Handbook of Data Communications and Networks
Handbook of Data Communications and Networks
by
Bill Buchanan
Napier University
'~·'
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-4757-0907-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-0905-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0905-6
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston in 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
0
Table of Contents
Preface xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A little bit ofhistory 1
1.3 Infonnation 7
1.4 Conversion to digital 8
1.5 Sampling theory 9
1.6 Quantization 10
2 COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES 12
2. I Introduction 12
2.2 Compression methods 13
2.3 Letter probabilities 13
2.4 Coding methods 16
2.5 Statistical encoding 16
2.6 Repetitive sequence suppression 17
2.7 Differential encoding 21
2.8 Transfonn encoding 22
2.9 Letter probability program 22
3 HUFFMAN/LEMPEL-ZIV COMPRESSION METHODS 24
3. I Introduction 24
3.2 Huffman coding 24
3.3 Adaptive Huffinan coding 25
3.4 Lempel-Ziv coding 26
3.5 Lempel-Ziv-Welsh coding 26
3.6 Variable-length-code LZW compression 28
3.7 Disadvantages with LZ compression 28
3.8 Practical Lempel-Ziv/Huffman coding 28
4 IMAGE COMPRESSION (GIF/TIFF/PCX) 32
4.1 Introduction 32
4.2 Comparison of the different methods 33
4.3 GIF coding 34
4.4 TIFF coding 44
4.5 G IF interlaced images 48
4.6 PCX coding 48
5 IMAGE COMPRESSION (JPEG) 51
5.1 Introduction 51
Vll
viii Contents
5.2 JPEG coding 51
5.3 JPEG decoding 59
5.4 JPEG file format 61
5.5 JPEG modes 67
6 VIDEO SIGNALS 68
6.1 Introduction 68
6.2 Color-difference signals 68
6.3 Quadrature modulation 70
6.4 Baseband video signals 73
6.5 Extra notes 77
7 DIGITAL TV 78
7.1 Introduction 78
7.2 100 Hz pictures 80
7.3 Analogue component hybrid systems 80
7.4 Compressed TV 81
7.5 HDTV quality 81
8 MOTION VIDEO COMPRESSION 83
8.1 Motion video 83
8.2 MPEG-1 overview 83
8.3 MPEG-1 video compression 84
8.4 MPEG-1 compression process 85
8.5 MPEG-1 decoder 89
8.6 MPEG-1 audio compression 90
8.7 MPEG-2 90
8.8 MPEG-2 system layer 91
8.9 Other MPEG-2 enhancements 92
8.10 MPEG-2 bit rate 92
8.11 Practical MPEG compression process 93
9 SPEECH AND AUDIO SIGNALS 96
9.1 Introduction 96
9.2 PCM parameters 96
9.3 Differential encoding 98
9.4 Speech compression 102
9.5 A-Law and 11-Law companding 103
9.6 Speech sampling 107
9.7 PCM-TDM systems 107
10 AUDIO SIGNALS 110
10.1 Introduction 110
10.:2 Principles 110
10.3 Digital audio standards 111
10.4 Error control 117
10.5 Interleaving 117
Contents
IX
10.6 CD audio system 118
10.7 Digital audio compression 121
10.8 The 44.1 kHz sampling rate 121
11 AUDIO COMPRESSION (MPEG-AUDIO AND DOLBY AC-3) 122
11.1 Introduction 122
11.2 Psycho-acoustic model 122
11.3 MPEG audio coding 123
11.4 Backward/forward adaptive bit allocation methods 129
11.5 Comparison between forward and backward adaptive methods 130
11.6 Dolby AC-1 and AC-2 132
11.7 Dolby AC-3 coding 132
11.8 AC-3 parameters 133
12 ERROR CODING PRINCIPLES 135
12.1 Introduction 135
12.2 Modulo-2 arithmetic 135
12.3 Binary manipulation 136
12.4 Hamming distance 137
12.5 General probability theory 138
12.6 Error probability 139
12.7 Combinations of errors 140
12.8 Linear and cyclic codes 143
12.9 Block and convolutional coding 143
12.10 Systematic and unsystematic coding 144
12.11 Feedforward and feedback error correction 144
12.12 Error types 145
12.13 Coding gain 146
13 ERROR CODING (DETECTION) 147
13.1 Introduction 147
13.2 Parity 147
13.3 Block parity 147
13.4 Checksum 148
13.5 Cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) 149
14 ERROR CODING (CORRECTION) 154
14.1 Introduction 154
14.2 Longitudinal/vertical redundancy checks (LRC!VRC) 154
14.3 Hamming code 155
14.4 Representations of Hamming code 156
14.5 Single error correction/double error detection Hamming code 160
14.6 Reed-Solomon coding 160
14.7 Convolution codes 161
15 DATA ENCRYPTION PRINCIPLES 170
15.1 Introduction 170
X Contents
15.2 Government pressure 170
15.3 Cryptography 171
15.4 Legal issues 172
15.5 Basic encryption principles 174
16 DATA ENCRYPTION 180
16.1 Introduction 180
16.2 Cracking the code 180
16.3 Random number generators 181
16.4 Survey of private-key cryptosystems 181
16.5 Private-key encryption 182
17 PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION 190
17.1 Introduction 190
17.2 RSA 191
18 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP) AND
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) 195
18.1 Introduction 195
18.2 TCP/IP gateways and hosts 196
18.3 Function of the IP protocol 196
18.4 Internet datagram 197
18.5 ICMP 198
18.6 TCP/IP internets 199
18.7 Domain name system 203
18.8 Internet naming structure 204
18.9 Domain name server 204
18.10 Bootp protocol 206
18.11 Example network 208
19 TCP, IP VER6 AND TCPIIP COMMAND 211
19.1 Introduction 211
19.2 IP Ver6 211
19.3 Transmission control protocol 213
19.4 TCP/IP commands 215
20 WINSOCK PROGRAMMING 220
20.1 Introduction 220
20.2 Windows Sockets 220
21 ELECTRONIC MAIL 229
21.1 Introduction 229
21.2 Shared-file approach versus client/server approach 230
21.3 Electronic mail overview 231
21.4 Internet email address 232
21.5 SMTP 233
21.6 X.400 239
Contents xi
21.7 MIME 239
22 THE WORLD WIDE WEB 247
22.1 Introduction 247
22.2 Advantages and disadvantages ofthe WWW 249
22.3 Client/server architecture 250
22.4 Web browsers 250
22.5 Internet resources 251
22.6 Universal resource locators (URLs) 252
22.7 Universal resource identifier 255
23 INTRANETS 256
23.1 Introduction 256
23.2 Firewalls 257
23.3 Extranets 259
23.4 Network security 259
24 HTTP 262
24.1 Introduction 262
24.2 HTTP operation 262
24.3 Intermediate systems 262
24.4 Cache 264
24.5 HTML messages 264
25 HTML (INTRODUCTION) 269
25.1 Introduction 269
25.2 Links 270
25.3 Lists 272
25.4 Colors 275
25.5 Background images 276
25.6 Displaying images 277
25.7 Horizontal lines 280
26 HTML (TABLES, FORMS AND HELPERS) 281
26.1 Introduction 281
26.2 Anchors 281
26.3 Tables 282
26.4 CGI scripts 286
26.5 Forms 286
26.6 Multimedia 290
27 JAVA (INTRODUCTION) 292
27.1 Introduction 292
27.2 Standalone programs 294
27.3 Data types 295
27.4 Characters and strings 296
27.5 Java operators 298
xii Contents
27.6 Selection statements 302
27.7 Loops 305
27.8 Classes 307
27.9 Constructors 310
27.10 Method overloading 311
27.11 Static methods 313
27.12 Constants 314
27.13 Package statements 316
27.14 Import statements 316
27.15 Mathematical operations 318
27.16 Arrays 320
28 JAVA (EVENTS AND WINDOWS) 324
28.1 Introduction 324
28.2 Applet tag 324
28.3 Creating an applet 325
28.4 Applet basics 326
28.5 The paint() object 327
28.6 Java events 327
28.7 Java 1.0 and Java 1.1 328
28.8 Initialization and exit methods 329
28.9 Mouse events in Java 1.0 330
28.10 Mouse event handling in Java 1.1 331
28.11 Mouse selection in Java 1.0 333
28.12 Keyboard input in Java 1.0 335
28.13 Keyboard events in Java 1.1 337
28.14 Buttons and events 339
28.15 Action with Java 1.0 339
28.16 Action Listener in Java 1.1 342
28.17 Checkboxes 345
28.18 Item listener in Java 1.1 345
28.19 Radio buttons 347
28.20 Pop-up menu choices 348
28.21 Other pop-up menu options 350
28.22 Multiple menus 352
28.23 Menu bar 353
28.24 List box 355
28.25 File dialog 358
29 JAVA (NETWORKING) 359
29.1 Introduction 359
29.2 Java networking functions 359
29.3 Connecting to a WWW site 366
29.4 Socket programming 369
29.5 Creating a socket 372
29.6 Client/server program 374