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Handbook of Critical Care Nephrology Visual Abstracts created by: Edgar V. Lerma, MD University of Illinois at Chicago/Advocate Christ Medical Center Associates in Nephrology Chicago, Illinois Michelle G. A. Lim, MBChB Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh, United Kingdom Sinead Stoneman, MB, BCh, BAO Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland Handbook of Critical Care Nephrology Jay L. Koyner, MD Professor of Medicine Medical Director, Acute Dialysis Director, ICU Nephrology Section of Nephrology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Joel M. Topf, MD Assitant Clinical Professor William Beaumont School of Medicine Oakland University Rochester, Michigan Edgar V. Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FPSN (Hon) Clinical Professor of Medicine Section of Nephrology University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine/ Advocate Christ Medical Center Oak Lawn, Illinois Acquisitions Editor: Colleen Dietzler Development Editor: Ariel Winter Editorial Coordinator: Ann Francis Marketing Manager: Kirsten Watrud Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg Design Coordinator: Steve Druding Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. 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When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. shop.lww.com JLK: Dedicated to Robyn, Henry, and Ruby; thank you for your love, support, patience, laughter and all of the family couch time. JMT: Dedicated to my wife, Cathy, who is always patient with me. EVL: I dedicate this book to my wife Michelle and my two daughters Anastasia and Isabella, all of whom have been exceedingly patient and immensely supportive of all of my endeavors … truly, they continue to serve as my daily inspiration. CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Hussain Aboud, MD Assistant Professor Critical Care and Pulmonology Department Central Michigan University Staff Intensivist Critical Care and Pulmonology Department Ascension St. Mary’s Hospital Saginaw, Michigan Paul Mark Adams, MD Fellow Physician Nephrology, Bone and Mineral Metabolism University of Kentucky Medical Center Lexington, Kentucky Waleed E. Ali, MD Hypertension Fellow Department of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Mohammad Y. Alsawah, MD Attending Nephrologist Department of Nephrology Detroit Medical Center Detroit, Michigan Tanima Arora, MBBS Postdoctoral Researcher Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Bourne Lewis Auguste, MD, MSc Assistant Professor Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sean M. Bagshaw, MD, MSc, FRCP(C) Chair and Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada George L. Bakris, MD Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Andrew B. Barker, MD Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Anthony P. Basel, DO, MAJ Assistant Professor Department of Medicine Uniformed Services University Bethesda, Maryland Director of Burn Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgery United States Army Institute for Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston, Texas Rajit K. Basu, MD, MS, FCCM Associate Professor of Pediatrics Emory School of Medicine Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta—Egleston Hospital Atlanta, Georgia Ayham Bataineh, MD Renal Fellow University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Garrett W. Britton, DO Medical Intensivist US Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center JBSA-Fort Sam Houston Houston, Texas Winn Cashion, MD, PhD Physician Renal Electrolytes Division University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Armando Cennamo, MD Department of Critical Care Guy’s & St. Thomas’ Hospital London, United Kingdom Kalyani Chandra, MD Transplant Nephrology Fellow University of California Davis School of Medicine Sacramento, California Huiwen Chen, MD Renal Fellow Renal-Electrolyte Division Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ling-Xin Chen, MD, MS Assistant Professor Division of Transplant Nephrology University of California Davis School of Medicine Sacramento, California Kevin K. Chung, MD Professor and Chair Department of Medicine Uniformed Services