Handbook of clinical anaesthesia

851 Pages·2011·5.21 MB·English

by  B J Pollard

Handbook of
Clinical
Anaesthesia
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Handbook of
Clinical
Anaesthesia
third edition
Edited by
Brian J Pollard BPharm MB ChB MD FRCA
Professor of Anaesthesia
University Department of Anaesthesia
Manchester Royal Infi rmary
Manchester, UK
First published in Great Britain in 1996 by Pearson Professional Limited
Second edition 2004, Elsevier Ltd.
This third edition published in 2011 by
Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company,
338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH
http://www.hodderarnold.com
© 2011 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, this
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Whilst the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and
accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the publisher
can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made. In particular (but without limiting the generality of the preceding
disclaimer) every effort has been made to check drug dosages; however it is
still possible that errors have been missed. Furthermore, dosage schedules are
constantly being revised and new side-effects recognized. For these reasons
the reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions
before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN-13 978 1 444 108 620
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Commissioning Editor: Gavin Jamieson
Project Editor: Joanna Silman
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This book is dedicated to my three children, Kathryn, Christine and Alexander.
They are my future.
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Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part 1: Patient Conditions
Section 1: Central nervous system Martin Smith 3
• Autonomic dysfunction and autonomic dysrefl exia Katharine Hunt and Sandeep Sharma 4
• Brainstem death Paul Murphy 6
• Diseases of the neuromuscular junction David Brealey and Nicholas Hirsch 9
• Epilepsy Ian Appleby 12
• Head injury Rashan Haniffa and Jeremy Radcliffe 16
• Infl ammatory brain disease Rohit Juneja and Jeremy Radcliffe 20
• Multiple sclerosis Ian Appleby 23
• Parkinson disease Chris Taylor 26
• Peripheral neuropathy David Brealey and Nicholas Hirsch 29
• Primary neuromuscular disease David Brealey and Nicholas Hirsch 33
• Spinal cord injury Katharine Hunt 36
• Subarachnoid haemorrhage Tamsin Gregory and Sally Wilson 39
Section 2: Endocrine system Thomas A Crozier 43
• Acromegaly Thomas A Crozier 44
• Adrenocortical insuffi ciency Thomas A Crozier 46
• Carcinoid syndrome Brian J Pollard 50
• Conn syndrome Thomas A Crozier 53
• Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism) Thomas A Crozier 55
• Diabetes insipidus Thomas A Crozier 58
• Diabetes mellitus Brian J Pollard 60
• Hyperparathyroidism Thomas A Crozier 64
• Hyperthyroidism Thomas A Crozier 66
• Hypothyroidism Thomas A Crozier 70
• Iatrogenic adrenocortical suppression Thomas A Crozier 72
• Muscular dystrophies Brian J Pollard 74
• Myotonia Brian J Pollard 76
• Pituitary disorders and hypopituitarism Thomas A Crozier 78
• Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion Thomas A Crozier 81
• Uncommon endocrine tumours Brian J Pollard 82
Section 3: Respiratory system Neil Soni 85
• Anaesthesia and bronchogenic carcinoma Suveer Singh and Neil Soni 86
• Anaesthesia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Suveer Singh and Neil Soni 91
• Anaesthesia and sleep apnoea syndrome Suveer Singh and Neil Soni 98
• Asthma Suveer Singh and Neil Soni 105
• Bronchiectasis Rick Keays and Neil Soni 109
• Cystic fi brosis Rick Keays and Neil Soni 111
• Restrictive lung disease Suveer Singh and Neil Soni 114
• Sarcoidosis Rick Keays and Neil Soni 118
• Smoking and anaesthesia Rick Keays and Neil Soni 120
s Section 4: Cardiovascular system Stefan De Hert 123
t
n
e • General considerations Stefan De Hert 124
t
n • Aortic valve disease Jan Fräbdorf 126
o
C • Atrial septal defect Susanne Eberl 129
(cid:81) • Cardiac conduction defects Peter Meijer 132
• Cardiomyopathy Stefan De Hert 136
• Children with congenital heart disease for non-cardiac surgery Susanne Eberl 138
• Congenital heart disease in adult life Veronika Evers 141
• Coronary artery disease Quanhong Zhou and Stefan De Hert 146
• Hypertension Peter Meijer 151
• Ischaemia–reperfusion injury Stefan De Hert and Benedikt Preckel 154
• Mitral valve disease Jan Fräbdorf 156
• Patients with heart failure Quanhong Zhou and Stefan De Hert 159
• Patients with pacemakers and implantable defi brillators Benedikt Preckel 161
• Pulmonary hypertension Benedikt Preckel 164
• Surgery after heart transplantation Stefan De Hert 167
• Tetralogy of Fallot Veronika Evers 169
Section 5: Gastrointestinal tract Brian J Pollard 173
• Chronic liver disease Brian J Pollard 174
• Disorders of the oesophagus and of swallowing Brian J Pollard 177
• The full stomach Brian J Pollard 179
• Hiatus hernia Brian J Pollard 181
• The jaundiced patient Brian J Pollard 183
• Malnutrition Brian J Pollard 186
• Obesity Brian J Pollard 189
• Previous liver transplant Brian J Pollard 192
Section 6: Genitourinary tract Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 195
• Acute kidney injury Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 196
• Assessment of renal function Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 199
• Chronic kidney disease Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 203
• Goodpasture syndrome Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 207
• Haemolytic uraemic syndrome Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 209
• Nephrotic syndrome Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 211
• Patient with a transplant Denise McCarthy and George Shorten 213
Section 7: The blood Charles Marc Samama 215
• Anaemia Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 216
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 219
• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defi ciency Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 222
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 224
• Inherited coagulopathies Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 226
• Massive transfusion, microvascular haemorrhage and thrombocytopenia
Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 228
• Mastocytosis Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 231
• Multiple myeloma Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 234
• Polycythaemia Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 236
• Sickle cell syndrome Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 239
• Thalassaemia Charles Marc Samama and Jean-François Schved 241
Section 8: Bones and joints Alain Borgeat 243
• Ankylosing spondylitis Alain Borgeat and José A Aguirre 244
• Dwarfi sm José A Aguirre and Alain Borgeat 248
• Marfan syndrome José A Aguirre and Alain Borgeat 251
viii • Metabolic and degenerative bone disease José A Aguirre and Alain Borgeat 253
• Rheumatoid disease José A Aguirre and Alain Borgeat 255 s
t
• Scoliosis Alain Borgeat and José A Aguirre 258 n
e
t
n
Section 9: Connective tissue Brian J Pollard 265 o
C
• Bullous and vesicular skin disorders Brian J Pollard 266
(cid:81)
• Disorders of epidermal cell kinetics and differentiation Brian J Pollard 269
• Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Brian J Pollard 271
• Epidermolysis bullosa Brian J Pollard 273
• Glycogen storage disease Brian J Pollard 276
• Mucopolysaccharidoses Brian J Pollard 278
• Polyarteritis nodosa Brian J Pollard 281
• Polymyositis and dermatomyositis Brian J Pollard 283
• Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Brian J Pollard 285
• Scleroderma Brian J Pollard 287
• Systemic lupus erythematosus Brian J Pollard 290
• Urticaria and angio-oedema Brian J Pollard 293
Part 2: Surgical Procedures
Section 10: Neurosurgery Martin Smith 299
• General principles of neuroanaesthesia Michelle Leemans 300
• Anaesthesia for interventional neuroradiological procedures Mary Newton and Robin Kumar 304
• Anaesthesia for intracranial neurovascular surgery Sally Wilson and Tamsin Gregory 308
• Anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging Ugan Reddy and Sally Wilson 311
• Anaesthesia for non-craniotomy neurosurgery Shulpa Reddy and Katharine Hunt 315
• Anaesthesia for posterior fossa surgery Ugan Reddy and Katharine Hunt 318
• Anaesthesia for spine surgery Michelle Leemans 322
• Anaesthesia for supratentorial surgery Ian Appleby and Tamsin Gregory 326
• Anaesthesia for trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy Nicholas Hirsch 332
• Anaesthetic and ICU management of the head-injured patient David Highton and Martin Smith 334
• Neuromonitoring David Highton and Martin Smith 338
Section 11: Ophthalmic surgery Roger M Slater 341
• Cataract surgery Roger M Slater 342
• Corneal transplant Roger M Slater 345
• Intraocular pressure Roger M Slater 347
• Oculoplastic surgery Roger M Slater 350
• Ophthalmic trauma Roger M Slater 352
• Strabismus correction Roger M Slater 354
• Vitreoretinal surgery Roger M Slater 356
Section 12: ENT surgery Craig R Bailey 359
• Laryngoscopy and microsurgery of the larynx Craig R Bailey 360
• Middle ear surgery Craig R Bailey 363
• Oesophagoscopy Craig R Bailey 365
• Operations on the nose Craig R Bailey 367
• Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy Craig R Bailey 369
• Tracheostomy Craig R Bailey 372
Section 13: Head and neck surgery Gerhard Schwarz 375
• Dental abscess Gerhard Schwarz 376
• Dental surgery Isolde Rötzer 379
• Face and jaw fractures Marianne Hösele 382
• Laryngectomy and radical neck dissection Gerlinde Mausser 384
• Major reconstructive surgery Marianne Hösele 386 ix