Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes. Properties, processing and applications

417 Pages·14.29 MB·english

by  Pierson H.O.

HANDBOOK OF CARBON,
GRAPHITE, DIAMOND AND
FULLERENES
Properties, Processing and
Applications
Hugh 0. Pierson
tnatlusnoC dna aidnaS lanoitaN seirotarobaL )deriter(
,euqreuqublA weN ocixeM
El
NOYES PUBLICATIONS
Pn
Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.
thgirypoC 0 3991 yb seyoN snoitacilbuP
oN trap fo siht koob yam eb decudorper ro dezilitu ni
yna mrof ro yb yna ,snaem cinortcele ro ,lacinahcem
gnidulcni ,gniypocotohp gnidrocer ro yb yna
noitamrofni egarots dna laveirter ,metsys tuohtiw
noissimrep ni gnitirw morf eht .rehsilbuP
yrarbiL fo ssergnoC golataC draC :rebmuN 44792-39
:NBSI 9-9331-5518-O
detnirP ni eht detinU setatS
dehsilbuP ni eht detinU setatS fo aciremA yb
seyoN snoitacilbuP
Mill ,daoR kraP ,egdiR weN yesreJ 65670
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yrarbiL fo ssergnoC noitacilbuP-ni-gnigolataC ataU
,nosreiP hguH .0
koobdnaH fo ,nobrac ,etihparg ,dnomaid dna senerelluf : ,seitreporp
,gnissecorp dna snoitacilppa / yb hguH .0 .nosreiP
.P .mc
sedulcnI lacihpargoilbib secnerefer dna .xedni
NBSI 9-9331-5518-O
.1 .nobraC I. Title
45P4C.542PT 3991
’166 02cd-.~860, 44792-39
PIC
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY SERIES
natnioR .F ,hahsnuB ytisrevinU fo ,ainrofilaC soL selegnA seireS( Editor)
yraG .E ,eriuGcM scinortceleorciM retneC fo North Carolina (Series Editor)
nehpetS .M ,leganssoR MBI samohT J. nostWa hcraeseR retneC
(Consulting Editor)
Electronic Materials and Process Technology
HANDBOOK OF NOITISOPED TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMLIF DNA COATINGS, dnoceS
Edition: edited yb Rointan F. hahsnuB
LACIMEHC ROPAV NOITISOPED FOR :SCINORTCELEORCIM yb Arthur Sherman
ROTCUDNOCIMES SLAIRETAM DNA SSECORP TECHNOLOGY :KOOBDNAH edited yb
yraG .E McGuire
DIRBYH YGOLONHCETTIUCRICORCIM :KOOBDNAH yb James J. Licari dna dranoeL R.
Enlow
HANDBOOK OF THIN MLIF NOITISOPED SESSECORP DNA :SEUQINHCET edited yb
Klaus .K fargeuhcS
RETSULC-DEZINOI MAEB NOITISOPED DNA :YXATIPE yb Toshinori Takagi
NOISUFFID ANEMONEHP NI THIN SMLIF DNA CINORTCELEORCIM :SLAIRETAM
edited yb ardneveD Gupta dna luaP .S oH
HANDBOOK OF NOITANIMATNOC CONTROL NI :SCINORTCELEORCIM edited yb
Donald .L Tolliver
HANDBOOK OF NOI MAEB GNISSECORP TECHNOLOGY: edited yb Jerome J. Cuomo,
nehpetS .M Rossnagel, dna Harold R. namfuaK
CHARACTERIZATION OF ROTCUDNOCIMES ,SLAIRETAM Volume :1 edited yb yraG .E
McGuire
HANDBOOKOFPLASMAPROCESSlNGTECHNOLOGY:edited .MnehpetSyb Rossnagel,
Jerome J. Cuomo, dna William D. Westwood
HANDBOOK OF ROTCUDNOCIMES NOCILIS TECHNOLOGY: edited yb William C.
,araM’O treboR .B Herring, dna eeL .P tnuH
HANDBOOKOF REMYLOP COATINGS FOR ,SCINORTCELE dn2 Edition: yb James Licari
dna aruaL .A Hughes
HANDBOOK OF SPUTTER NOITISOPED TECHNOLOGY: yb akatoyiK Wasa dna Shigeru
awakayaH
HANDBOOK OF ISLV :YHPARGOHTILORCIM edited yb William .B Glendinning dna John
N. Helbert
YRTSIMEHC OF SUPERCONDUCTOR :SLAIRETAM edited yb Terre11 .A harednaV
ROPAVLACIMEHC NOITISOPED OF TUNGSTEN DNA TUNGSTEN :SEDICILIS yb John
.E J. Schmitz
YRTSIMEHCORTCELE OF SROTCUDNOCIMES DNA :SCINORTCELE edited yb John
ydraHcM dna knarF Ludwig
V
vi Series
HANDBOOK OF LACIMEHC ROPAV :NOITISOPED yb hguH .0 Pierson
DNOMAID SMLIF DNA COATINGS: edited yb treboR F. sivaD
ELECTRODEPOSITION: yb Jack W. Dini
HANDBOOK OF ROTCUDNOCIMES WAFER GNINAELC TECHNOLOGY: edited yb
Werner nreK
CONTACTS TO :SROTCUDNOCIMES edited yb dranoeL J. Brillson
LEVELITLUMFOKOOBDNAH NOITAZILLATEM FOR INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS: edited yb
dyS R. Wilson, Clarence J. Tracy, dna John .L Freeman, Jr.
HANDBOOK OF ,NOBRAC ,ETIHPARG SDNOMAID DNA :SENERELLUF yb hguH .0
Pierson
Ceramic and Other Materials-Processing and Technology
SOL-GELTECHNOLOGY FOR THIN ,SMLIF ,SREBIF ,SMROFERP SCINORTCELE DNA
YTLAICEPS :SEPAHS edited yb Lisa C. Klein
REBIF DECROFNIER CIMAREC :SETISOPMOC edited yb .K .S insayidzaM
DECNAVDA CIMAREC GNISSECORP DNA TECHNOLOGY, Volume :1 edited yb Jon G. .P
Binner
FRICTION DNA WEAR TRANSITIONS OF :SLAIRETAM yb reteP J. ualB
KCOHS WAVES FOR LAIRTSUDNI :SNOITACILPPA edited yb Lawrence .E rruM
LAICEPS GNITLEM DNA GNISSECORP TECHNOLOGIES: edited yb G. .K tahB
CORROSION ,SSALGFO SCIMAREC DNA CIMAREC SUPERCONDUCTORS: edited yb
divaD .E Clark dna Bruce .K Zoitos
HANDBOOK OF LAIRTSUDNI SEIROTCARFER TECHNOLOGY: yb nehpetS C. Carniglia
dna Gordon .L anraB
CIMAREC SMLIF DNA COATINGS: edited yb John .B Wachtman dna Richard .A Haber
Related Titles
SEVISEHDA TECHNOLOGY .:KOOBDNAH yb Arthur H. kcordnaL
HANDBOOK OF THERMOSET :SCITSALP edited yb yendiS H. Goodman
ECAFRUS NOITARAPERP SEUQINHCET FOR EVISEHDA :GNIDNOB yb dnomyaR F.
Wegman
GNITALUMROF SCITSALP DNA SREMOTSALE YB COMPUTER: yb Ralph D. Hermansen
HANDBOOK OF EVISEHDA DEDNOB STRUCTURAL :RIAPER yb dnomyaR F. Wegman
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Foreword
oT yas taht nobrac si a euqinu tnemele si spahrep .tnedive-fles llA
stnemele era ,euqinu tub nobrac yllaicepse .os stI shpromylop egnar from
eht ,drah tnerapsnart dnomaid ot eht ,tfos kcalb ,etihparg htiw a tsoh fo semi-
enillatsyrc dna suohproma forms osla .elbaliava tI si eht ylno tnemele hcihw
sevig sti eman ot owt cifitneics ,slanruoj nobraC )hsilgnE( dna osnaT
.)esenapaJ( ,deednI I od ton wonk fo rehtona tnemele hcihw nac mialc ot
eman eno .lanruoj
elihW ereht evah neeb tnecer books no cificeps forms fo >tohrac
ylbaton nobrac ,srebif ti si a gnol time ecnis ydobemos dah eht egaruoc ot
etirw a book hcihw dessapmocne lla nobrac .slairetam hgiH nosreiP
spahrep did ton wonk tahw eh saw gnitteg otni nehw eh detrats siht work.
ehT tnecer dna gniogno hcraeser ytivitca no ekil-dnomaid smlif dna eht
,senerelluf htob dnasllabykcub ,sebutykcub sah ,dedivorp tsomla ,yliad wen
stluser ,hcihw yna rohtua ,swonk makes na attempt ot revoc meht tsomla
.elituf
nI siht ,koob eht rohtua sedivorp ,elbaulava etad-ot-pu tnuocca fo htob
eht rewen dna lanoitidart forms fo ,nobrac htob yllarutan gnirrucco dna man-
made.
nA laitini gnidaer fo sretpahc gnilaed htiw some yrev railimaf dna some
railimaf-os-ton ,scipot swohs taht eht rohtua sah make na tnellecxe attempt
ot revoc eht .dleif sihT emulov lliw eb elbaulava ecruoser rof htob stsilaiceps
,ni dna lanoisacco sresu ,fo nobrac slairetam rof eht elbaeeserof .erutuf I
am dethgiled ot evah dah eht ytinutroppo ot ees eht laitini tpircsunam dna
ot etirw siht .drowerof
reteP .A reworhT
,feihC-ni-rotidE CARBON
Vii
Preface
sihT book si a weiver fo eht ecneics dna ygolonhcet fo eht tnemele
nobrac dna sti :seportolla ,etihparg dnomaid dna eht .senerelluf sihT dleif
sah dednapxe yltaerg ni eht tsal eerht sedaced detalumits yb ynam major
discoveries hcus sa nobrac ,srebif erusserp-wol dnomaid dna eht .senerelluf
ehT deen rof hcus a book sah neeb tlef rof some time.
esehT nobrac slairetam era yrev tnereffid ni erutcurts dna .seitreporp
Some era yrev dlo ,)laocrahc( srehto dnarb wen eht( .)senerelluf yehT evah
tnereffid snoitacilppa dna markets dna era decudorp yb tnereffid stnemges
fo eht .yrtsudni teY yeht evah a common gnidliub :kcolb eht tnemele nobrac
hcihw sdnob eht suoirav snoitces fo eht book .rehtegot
ehT nobrac dna etihparg yrtsudni si ni a etats fo elbaredisnoc xulf sa
wen ,sngised wen stcudorp dna wen ,slairetam hcus sa htgnerts-hgih ,srebif
yssalg nobrac dna cityloryp ,etihparg era ylsuounitnoc gnieb .decudortni
,esiwekiL a noitulover ni eht dnomaid ssenisub si ni ssergorp sa eht
erusserp-wol ssecorp becomes na lairtsudni .ytilaer tI lliw noos eb elbissop
ot take egatnavda fo eht gnidnatstuo seitreporp fo dnomaid ot poleved a
dairym fo wen .snoitacilppa ehT noitcudorp fo egral dnomaid latsyrc ta wol
tsoc si a tcnitsid ytilibissop ni eht tnatsid-oot-ton erutuf dna may dael ot a
citsard egnahc fo eht gnitsixe ssenisub .erutcurts
The senerelluf may osla etaerc rieht nwo noitulover ni eht tnempoleved
fo na yleritne wen hcnarb fo cinagro .yrtsimehc
For ynam sraey sa daeh fo eht lacimehC ropaV noitisopeD yrotarobal
dna a rotubirtnoc ot eht nobrac-nobrac program ta aidnaS lanoitaN
seirotarobaL dna won sa a ,tnatlusnoc I evah dah eht ytinutroppo ot weiver
dna yduts eht ynam stcepsa fo nobrac dna ,dnomaid rieht ,yrtsimehc
. . .
VIII
ecaferP xi
,ygolonhcet ,sessecorp tnempiuqe dna ,snoitacilppa taht edivorp eht -cen
yrasse dnuorgkcab rof siht book.
I am detbedni ot na dlo ,dneirf ruhtrA ,erodnelluM deriter from aidnaS
lanoitaN ,seirotarobaL rof sih ynam ,saedi comments dna hguoroht weiver
fo eht .tpircsunam I osla hsiw ot knaht eht ynam elpoep ohw depleh ni eht
noitaraperp dna weiver fo eht tpircsunam dna yllaicepse reteP ,reworhT
rosseforP ta ainavlysnneP etatS ytisrevinU dna rotide fo ;nobraC mailliW
Nystrom, eniarroL-enobraC ;aciremA Walter ,hguorobraY rosseforP ta
ainavlysnneP etatS ;ytisrevinU samohT ,ynohtnA EG etaroproC hcraeseR
dna ;tnempoleveD suG nelluM dna selrahC ,nagoL PB :slacimehC aihtiR
,smailliW .enydtekcoR sknahT osla ot einnoB erodnenikS rof gniraperp eht
,snoitartsulli dna ot egroeG ,atiraN evitucexe rotide fo seyoN ,snoitacilbuP
rof sih pleh dna .ecneitap
September 3991 hguH .0 nosreiP
,euqreuqublA weN ocixeM
NOTICE
To eht tseb fo our egdelwonk eht noitamrofni ni siht noitacilbup si
;etarucca revewoh eht rehsilbuP seod ton emussa yna ytilibisnopser
ro ytilibail rof eht ycarucca ro ssenetelpmoc ,fo ro secneuqesnoc
.noitamrofnihcus,morfgnisira sihT lanoitamrofnirofdednetnisikoob
sesoprup .ylno noitneM fo edart seman ro laicremmoc stcudorp seod ton
etutitsnoc tnemesrodne ro noitadnemmocer rof esu yb eht .rehsilbuP
laniF noitanimreted fo eht ytilibatius fo yna noitamrofni ro tcudorp
rof esu detalpmetnoc yb yna ,resu dna eht rennam fo taht ,esu si eht
elos ytilibisnopser fo eht .resu eW dnemmocer taht enoyna gnidnetni
ot yler no yna noitadnemmocer fo slairetam ro serudecorp denoitnem
ni siht noitacilbup dluohs yfsitas flesmih sa ot hcus ,ytilibatius dna
taht eh nac teem all elbacilppa ytefas dna htlaeh .sdradnats
Contents
1 Introduction and General Considerations ................ .I
1 O. KOOB SEVITCEJBO .................................................................... 1
0.2 EHT NOBRAC TNEMELE DNA STI SUOIRAV ..SMROF ............. 2.
1.2 ehT tnemelE nobraC ............................................................. 2
2.2 nobraC ygolonimreT .............................................................. 2
3.2 nobraC dna cinagrO yrtsimehC .............................................. 3
0.3 EHT NOBRAC TNEMELE NI ERUTAN ........................................ 3.
1.3 ehT tnemelE nobraC no htraE .............................................. 3.
2.3 ehT tnemelE nobraC ni eht esrevinU ..................................... 3
0.4 LACIROTSIH EVITCEPSREP ....................................................... 3
0.5 STCUDORP DEVIRED MORF EHT NOBRAC TNEMELE ........... 4.
1.5 lacipyT selpmaxE .................................................................. 4
2.5 ssecorP dna tcudorP noitacifissalC ........................................ 5
0.6 ELIFORP OF EHT ,YRTSUDNI ...................................................... 6
1.6 weivrevO fo eht yrtsudnI ........................................................ 6
2.6 Market ................................................................................... 7
0.7 YRASSOLG DNA CIRTEM NOISREVNOC ..EDIUG .................... 8.
0.8 DNUORGKCAB GNIDAER ........................................................... 8
1.8 lareneG secnerefeR .............................................................. 8
2.8 slacidoireP ............................................................................. 9
3.8 secnerefnoC ........................................................................ OI
REFERENCES ................................................................................... OI
X
Contents xi
2 The Element Carbon .................................................. 11
1 O. EHT ERUTCURTS OF EHT NOBRAC MOTA ............................. 11
1 l. nobraC seportollA dna sdnuopmoC ..................................... 11
2.1 ehT erutcurtS fo eht nobraC motA ....................................... 31
3.1 seitreporP dna scitsiretcarahC fo eht nobraC ..motA ........... 71.
0.2 EHT SEPOTOSI OF NOBRAC ................................................... 81
1.2 scitsiretcarahC fo eht nobraC sepotosI ................................ 81
2.2 nobraC gnitaD htiw l-nobraC ..4 .......................................... 02.
3.2 ehT C*l dna C31 ..sepotosI ................................................. 32.
0.3 NOITAZIDIRBYH DNA EHT 3ps NOBRAC ..DNOB .................... 32.
1.3 ehT nobraC dnoB ............................................................... 32.
2.3 noitazidirbyH fo eht nobraC motA ....................................... 52.
3.3 ehT nobraC tnelavoC 3ps dnoB .......................................... 03.
0.4 EHT LANOGIRT *ps DNA LANOGID ps NOBRAC SDNOB ....... 33.
1.4 ehT lanogirT *ps latibrO ...................................................... 33.
2.4 ehT nobraC tnelavoC *ps dnoB .......................................... 43.
3.4 ehT ps-lanogiD latibrO dna eht ps dnoB .............................. 63
4.4 ehT negordyH-nobraC dnoB ............................................... 73.
0.5 NOBRAC ROPAV ..SELUCELOM .............................................. 73.
0.6 EHT NOBRAC SEPORTOLLA .................................................... 04
1.6 ehT nobraC esahP Diagram ............................................... 04.
2.6 ciportollA Forms ................................................................. 14.
3.6 ehT enerelluF nobraC seluceloM ........................................ 14.
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 24.
3 Graphite Structure and Properties ........................... 34
1 O. EHT ERUTCURTS OF ETIHPARG ............................................ 34.
1 l. lareneG snoitaredisnoC dna ygolonimreT ............................ 34
2.1 erutcurtS fo eht etihparG latsyrC ......................................... 44
0.2 EHT SUOIRAV ENILLATSYRCYLOP SMROF OF ..ETIHPARG 74.
1.2 enillatsyrcyloP etihparG ...................................................... 74.
2.2 etillatsyrC snoitcefrepmI ‘. ..................................................... 84
0.3 LACISYHP SEITREPORP OF ..ETIHPARG ............................... 05.
1.3 yportosinA fo eht etihparG latsyrC ...................................... 05.
2.3 Summary fo lacisyhP seitreporP ......................................... 05.
3.3 ytisneD ................................................................................ 15
4.3 ,gnitleM ,noitamilbuS dna elpirT ..tnioP ................................ 15
5.3 taeH fo noitaziropaV ........................................................... 25.
0.4 LAMREHT SEITREPORP OF ETIHPARG ................................. 45.
1.4 Summary fo lamrehT seitreporP .......................................... 45
2.4 taeH yticapaC cificepS( )taeH .............................................. 45
3.4 lamrehT ytivitcudnoC .......................................................... 65.
4.4 lamrehT ..noisnapxE ........................................................... 85.
iix stnetnoC
0.5 LACIRTCELE SEITREPORP OF ETIHPARG ............................. 16
1.5 lacirtcelE ytivitsiseR ............................................................. 16
2.5 ytivitsiseR dna erutarepmeT ................................................ 16
0.6 LACINAHCEM SEITREPORP OF ETIHPARG ........................... 26.
0.7 LACIMEHC ..SEITREPORP ....................................................... 36.
1.7 lareneG snoitaredisnoC ...................................................... 36.
2.7 Summary fo lacimehC seitreporP ........................................ 46
3.7 noitcaeR htiw negyxO dna negordyH ................................... 46
4.7 noitcaeR htiw slateM ........................................................... 66
5.7 noitcaeR htiw ,snegolaH ,sdicA dna silaklA ......................... 76.
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 86.
4 Synthetic Carbon and Graphite: Carbonization
and Graphitization ..................................................... 70
1 O. SEPYT OF CITEHTNYS NOBRAC DNA ETIHPARG .................. 07
1 l. citehtnyS etihparG dna nobraC stcudorP ............................. 17
2.1 lareneG scitsiretcarahC fo citehtnyS etihparG dna ..nobraC 17.
0.2 EHT NOITAZINOBRAC )SISYLORYP( SSECORP ..................... 27
1.2 elpicnirP fo noitazinobraC .................................................... 27
2.2 rosrucerP slairetaM dna riehT nobraC ..dleiY ...................... 37.
3.2 noitazinobraC msinahceM fo citamorA snobracordyH ......... 57.
4.2 noitazinobraC fo sremyloP .................................................. 87.
0.3 EHT NOITAZITIHPARG SSECORP ........................................... 08.
1.3 yaR-X noitcarffiD fo citihparG slairetaM ............................... 08
2.3 Coke dna rahC .................................................................... 18
3.3 noitazitihparG fo Coke-Former snobracordyH ...................... 18
4.3 noitazitihparG msinahceM fo Cokes.. ................................... 28
5.3 noitazitihparG fo srahC ........................................................ 48
REFERENCES .................................................................................. 68.
5 Molded Graphite: Processing, Properties,
and Applications ........................................................ a7
1 O. LARENEG SNOITAREDISNOC .................................................. 78
0.2 GNISSECORP OF DEDLOM SETIHPARG ................................ 88.
1.2 waR slairetaM )srosrucerP( ................................................ 88.
2.2 noitcudorP ssecorP ............................................................. 09
3.2 ,noitazinobraC ,noitazitihparG dna gninihcaM ...................... 59
0.3 SCITSIRETCARAHC DNA SEITREPORP OF DEDLOM
ETIHPARG ................................................................................ 69.
1.3 tseT serudecorP dna sdradnatS ......................................... 69.
2.3 ytisneD dna ..ytisoroP ......................................................... 89.
3.3 tceffE fo elcitraP )niarG( eziS no ..seitreporP ...................... 99.