Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems: The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505 PDF
Preview Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems: The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505
Augmented Vision and Reality 5 Anestis Terzis E ditor Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505 Augmented Vision and Reality Volume 5 Series editors Riad I. Hammoud, Kokomo, IN, USA Lawrence B. Wolff, New York, NY, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8612 Anestis Terzis Editor Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505 123 Editor Anestis Terzis Department ofElectrical Engineering andInformationTechnology Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany ISSN 2190-5916 ISSN 2190-5924 (electronic) Augmented Vision andReality ISBN978-3-319-29609-8 ISBN978-3-319-29611-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29611-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016930541 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland To my children Angelos and Maria Preface This edited book, Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems—The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505, aims to provide a compre- hensiveoverviewofthescienceandtechnologyofcameramonitorsystems(CMS). The content ranges from the ISO 16505-based development aspects to practical realization concepts in vehicles. In addition, it serves as a single reference source with contributions from leading international CMS professionals and academic researchers combining technological as well as ergonomic aspects. Most of the authors, including the editor, have been involved in the international standardiza- tion and regulation of this technology over the past years. The replacement of automotive mirrors by CMS is a growing research and development field. Such systems can be used to improve factors in the driver’s indirectvision,toimproveaerodynamics,andtooptimizethefueleconomyofnew vehicles. The CMS idea has existed for concept cars for decades, but until now there was no international legislation framework for such solutions in series pro- duction vehicles. The first milestone was the publication of the international stan- dard ISO 16505 “Road vehicles—Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera Monitor Systems—Requirements and test procedures” in the year 2015. In com- binationwiththelatestversionofUNRegulationNo.46,thenormativeframework of ISO 16505 permits CMS to replace mandatory rear-view mirrors. Working on CMS requires specific knowledge of the technical fundamentals, standardization andregulationaspects,aswellasspecificautomotiverequirementsandtherelevant ergonomics. Although literature exists which covers subtopics, e.g., automotive cameratechnology, untilnow notextcombiningall therequireddisciplinesinone special book dedicated to CMS exists. Furthermore, methods and results for the ergonomic design of such systems are included. The book is organized into five parts. Part I “CMS System Design and Standardization and Regulation Aspects” is dedicated to the system design of passenger as well as commercial vehicles. It includes a contribution covering the CMS-specific standardization and regulation vii viii Preface aspects. A key topic of CMS, which is addressed by a special contribution, is the resolution and the sharpness of the complete system. PartII“FundamentalsofAutomotiveTechnologyforCMS”coverstherelevant fundamentals of automotive imagers, video interface technology, and embedded image processing components. All contributions presentthe contentwith regard to CMS. The optical effects in camera monitor systems in combination with optical measurement setups are presented in a special contribution. PartIII“HumanVisualPerceptionandErgonomicDesign”startsbypresenting the properties of human visual perception with respect to CMS. It includes con- tributions covering the ergonomic design of CMS for the very demanding com- mercial vehicles scenario. Part IV “CMS Tests and Concepts for Passenger Cars and for Commercial Vehicles” includes a study comparing CMS and conventional exterior mirrors and whichmadeitsassessmentusingtestdrivesandstatictestsunderdifferentexternal conditions.ItisauniquetextcoveringtheseaspectswithrespecttotheISO16505 and UN R.46 requirements. The German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt)carriedoutthisstudyonbehalfoftheGermanFederalMinistryofTransport andDigitalInfrastructure.Acontributionwith conceptsfor commercial vehiclesis also included in this part of the book. PartV“AdvancedTopics”providescontentwithdirectorindirectrelevanceto CMS. It begins with a discussion of demanding scenarios in CMS and includes image-qualitycriteria.Aspecialcontributionpresentsanovelapproachforintuitive motion and depth visualization for rear-view camera applications. The book con- cludeswithadedicatedcontributiontotheveryimportantfunctionalsafetyaspects ofCMSbasedonISO26262.Itexplainswhathazardscouldariseinthecontextof CMS and how they can be systematically investigated. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge all those who helped in creating this book. First and foremost, I want to thank all 23 authors of the book’s chapters. Without your willingness to invest your valuable time and experiences, this book would never have seen the light of day in the current form. IknowmostoftheauthorsfrommytimeworkingonCMSstandardizationand regulation. This work started officially in 2009 when the Informal Group Camera Monitor Systems (IGCMS) was established in order to work on the technical content of United Nations Regulation No. 46. In 2010, the CMS standardization work began within the framework of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). We started the work as an international expert group at a kick-off meeting in London in 2010. Until 2015, when the ISO 16505 was finally published and the reestablished IGCMS finalized their work, we worked very intensively and constructively on this topic. We had working meetings all around the world including such places as Berlin, Milan, Paris, Stockholm, and cities in Japan and the USA. We were supported by uncountable web-conferences. Every expert enriched the group with their special area of expertise and their individual personality,Ilearnedalotduringthattime.Itwasanhonorformetoworktogether withthesepeopleandIwanttothankeveryoneforthegreatcooperation.Especially the convenors of the ISO WG, the delegates from the ministries, the IGCMS chairman and secretary, the vehicle manufacturers’ associations and all represen- tatives from the automotive industry and from the technical services. All of them hadaninfluenceonhowIseeandunderstandcameramonitorsystems,andthus,by extension, on editing this book. I also want to thank all my direct project cooper- ation partners in the automotive industry. It was at one of the last expert meetings where I started thinking about what an enrichment it would be to combine this expert knowledge in a special book and make it available to the technical and scientific society. It was the birth of the book idea. UlmUniversityofAppliedScienceshasprovidedasupportiveenvironmentand the scientific freedom for me to explore this advanced camera-based driver assis- tance system and to establish it as a research discipline. Especially, the technical ix x Acknowledgments and scientific facilities of the Institute of Automotive Systems Engineering (IFS) and the Institute of Communication Technology (IKT) allow for a system-level approach ranging from chip design and EMC-investigations to real vehicle implementations. My research team supported my work in the last years throughstudentprojectsandthesesbothforSWandHWaspectsofCMS.Iowea debt of gratitude to all of them. IalsowanttothanktheGermannationalstandardsbodyDIN(DeutschesInstitut für Normung e.V.) for giving permission1 to use material from ISO 16505. Furthermore, I greatly appreciate Springer for publishing this book and for the expert guidance provided throughout the book production process. Mywholefamilyhasalwayssupportedme.Mywife,Jula,andourtwochildren have given me the freedom of many evenings and weekends to complete this manuscript. I am grateful for their considerable patience and support. Ulm Anestis Terzis November 2015 1ThefollowinginformationappliestoeveryISO16505referenceinthisbook: “ReproducedbypermissionofDINDeutschesInstitutfürNormunge.V.Thedefinitiveversion fortheimplementationofthisstandardisthateditionwhichbearsthemostrecentdateofissue, obtainablefromBeuthVerlagGmbH,Burggrafenstraße6,10787Berlin,Germany.”
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