Handbook of Biocide and Preservative Use

436 Pages·1995·8.902 MB·English

by  H. W. Rossmoore (auth.), H. W. Rossmoore (eds.)

Handbook of Biocide and Preservative Use
Handbook of Biocide and
Preservative Use
Edited by
H.W. Rossmoore
Professor of Biological Sciences
Wayne State University
Michigan
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1995
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Origioally published by Chapman & Hali in 1995
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1995
Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia
ISBN 978-94-010-4591-9 ISBN 978-94-011-1354-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1354-0
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-78792
8
Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with
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Preface
My professional interest in antimicrobial agents and contamination control goes
back 50 years to my tour as a microbiologist in a field hospital in Europe during
World War II. With no experience and relying solely on a military handbook, I
prepared thermometer trays with jars of blue bichloride of mercury and pink
isopropyl alcohol. A preliminary typhoid diagnosis of one of our cooks resulted
in the need for lab testing. His stool specimen and its subsequent disposal was
my problem. My handbook said bum it. So burn it T did, in a five-gallon can
with gasoline. Flames shot up almost six feet, and my next mistake was to
extinguish them with carbon tetrachloride. This resulted in the production of
lethal phosgene gas. The hospital had a near disaster. I could say that at that
moment I vowed to write a how-to book so that such stupidities could be
avoided. Nevertheless, when I was offered the opportunity to edit this book I
thought back on the need for a real, practical treatment of my subject.
This book, then, is a practical handbook for technical service personnel and
scientists who are not necessarily specialists in microbiology. It provides
information on suitable antimicrobial agents appropriate to their particular
problem-solving needs and information on the microbial groups contributing to
the specific problem, their ecologies, and strategies for controlling their access
to the area or material of interest.
Included in the treatment of the antimicrobial agents is advice on pertinent
test methods as well as a critical evaluation of those methods.
References are also made to regulatory and environmental aspects of using
these antimicrobial agents where appropriate, in addition to the specific chapter
on this subject. The strategies available for safe and economic use of these
agents are described together with simple test procedures for quality assurance
of preservative use or successful biocide application.
In some chapters, past literature has been reviewed with special attention
being paid to landmark advances. Predictable future changes in spoilage patterns
or health hazards arc mentioned in those chapters where appropriate, as well as
developments which could extend, modify or restrict the use of antimicrobial
agents. Compounds not approved for the marketplace (regulatory approval) for
the most part have not been discussed.
In the rhetoric of journalism we deal with the what, when, where, who, and
how of biocide use. The book is neither encyclopedic in its treatment of the
subject (e.g. Block book) nor does it deal with modes of action or mechanisms
of resistance (e.g. Russell book). The areas treated in the book deal with non
health related biocide use, with the possible exception of chapters II, 12, and 13
where in addition to spoilage prevention or contamination control there is an
vi PREFACE
overriding interest in prevention of communicable disease; to this extent,
products in this category, at least in the USA, require approval of the Food and
Drug Administration as well as the Environmental Protection Agency.
I have to thank a series of editors who put up with delays in completion both
at Elsevier Applied Science and later at Blackie Academic & Professional.
I would also especially like to thank all the contributing authors, those that
met the early deadlines and those that withstood my badgering and finally came
through with their chapters.
Last, I would like to dedicate the book to two people: to the memory of
Dr. Carl Lawrence, my teacher at the University of Michigan who first
introduced me to the study of antimicrobial agents; and to my wife, Dr. Katalin
Rossmoore, who above all encouraged me to see the book to completion.
H.W.R.
Contributors
M.J. Banner IBL Diversey Wyandotte Corporation, 1532 Biddle
Avenue, Wyandotte, MI 48192, USA
A. Downey Rohm & Haas Co, 727 Norriston Road, Spring House,
PA 19477, USA
R.G. Eagon Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia,
Athens, GA 30602, USA
B.N. Herbert Shell Research Ltd., Sittingbourne Research Centre,
Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 8AG, UK
E.C. Hill ECHA Microbiology Ltd, Unit M 24, Cardiff Workshops,
Lewis, East Moors, CardiffCF 5EJ, UK
G. Hill ECHA Microbiology Ltd, Unit M 24, Cardiff Workshops,
Lewis, East Moors, CardiffCF 5EJ, UK
J.M. Jay Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
L.Leightley Rohm & Haas Co, 727 Norriston Road, Spring House,
PA 19477, USA
R.W. Lutey Buckman Laboratories Inc, 12184 McLean Boulevard,
Memphis, TN 38108, USA
B.J. McCarthy British Textile Technology Group, Shirley Towers,
Didsbury, Manchester M20 8RX, UK
H.W. Rossmoore Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
C. Yeager Reg. Consultant Inc, 12184 Woodland Court, Auburn,
CA 95603, USA
Contents
1 Introduction to biocide use 1
H. W. ROSSMOORE
l.l What are biocides? I
1.2 Control of biocide use 2
1.3 Testing of biocides 6
References 17
Appendices 17
2 Legislative aspects 19
C.C. YEAGER
2.1 North America 19
2.1.1 United States Environmental Protection Agency 19
2.1.2 Canadian registration with Agriculture Canada 30
2.1.3 Mexk:o and other Central American countries 34
2.2 Outside North America 34
2.2.1 Great Britain 35
2.2.2 Ireland 39
2.2.3 Denmark 41
2.2.4 Norway 41
2.2.5 Finland 42
2.2.6 Switzerland 42
2.2.7 France 43
2.2.8 Portugal 43
2.2.9 Austria 43
2.2.10 Sweden 43
2.2.11 Other European countries 44
2.2.12 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 45
2.2.13 Australia 45
2.2.14 New Zealand 46
Bibliography 49
3 Process cooling water 50
R.W. LUTEY
3.1 Overview 50
3.2 Problems caused by microorganisms 50
3.2.1 Biological slime 51
3.2.2 Plugging and fouling 51
3.2.3 Deterioration of wood 51
3.2.4 Microbiologically inAuenced corrosion (MIC) 52
3.3 Control of problems caused by microorganisms 55
3.3.1 Fundamental concepts of microbiological control 55
3.3.2 Population dynamics 56
3.3.3 The use of a biocide and biostat 57
3.3.4 Cleaning a fouled (dlrty) system 58
x CONTENTS
3.3.5 Mechanism of microbicidal action 58
3.3.6 Factors determining the choice of microbicides 59
3.3.7 Methods of application of microbicides 62
3.4 Types of microbic ides 64
3.4.1 Oxidizing microbicides 67
3.4.2 Other non-chlorine oxidizing microbicides 69
3.4.3 Non-oxidizing microbiocides 70
3.5 State-of-the-art technology 75
Bibliography 76
Appendix 77
4 Paper, pulp and food grade paper 83
R.G. EAGON
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Types of microorganisms encountered 84
4.3 Control of microorganisms 8S
4.4 Microbiological examination of pulp, paper and paperboard 94
4.5 Efficacy testing of antimicrobial agents 94
References 94
Appendix 96
5 Biocides for metalworking lubricants hydraulic fluids 133
H, W. ROSSMOORE
5.1 Nature of metalworking fluids 133
5.1.1 The microbial populations causing deterioration 134
5.1.2 When should biocides be used'> 134
5.1.3 Selection of biocides 137
5.1.4 Biocide interactions with functional formulation components 137
5.1.5 Differential compatibilities 140
5.1.6 Monitoring for biocide demand 141
5.1.7 Which biocides'? 143
5.l.8 Non-biocidal control measures lSI
5.2 Hydraulic fluids (HF) 152
5.2.1 Invert hydraulic emulsions 152
5.2.2 High water containing fluid (HWCF) 154
5.2.3 Straight-oil hydraulic fluids 154
5.2.4 Occupational health and safety ISS
References 156
Appendix 157
6 Biocides in oilfield operations 185
B.N. HERBERT
6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Oilfield operations 186
6.2.1 General 186
6.2.2 Drilling 187
6.2.3 Completion/workover 189
6.2.4 Fracturing 190
6.2.5 Packer fluids 191
6.2.6 Construction of field fa<.:ilities 191
6.2.7 Hydraulic lines 192
6.2.8 Production 192
CONTENTS Xl
6.3 Microbes found in oilfield facilities 197
6.3.1 Diversity of SRB 197
6.3.2 Biofilms 197
6.3.3 Theromophilic SRB 198
6.3.4 Ultramicrobacteria 198
6.4 Biocides 198
6.4. I General considerations 198
6.4.2 Biocide ingredients 199
6.5 Monitoring bacteria in oiltlelds 201
0.6 Biocide testing 202
6.7 Environmental issues 203
References 206
7 Fuels biocides 207
E.C. HILL
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Ecology 207
7.2.1 Use and storage 208
7.3 The microbial problem 208
7.4 Antimicrobial strategies 209
7.4.1 Good housekeeping 209
7.4.2 Reformulation 209
7.4.3 Physical methods 209
7.4.4 Antimicrobial chemicals 209
7.5 Preservation 211
7.5.1 Water phase preservatives 211
7.5.2 Fuel phase preservatives 212
7.6 fuel system decontamination 215
7.6.1 Chemical decontamination of lightly fouled fuel systems 215
7.6.2 Chemical decontamination of heavily fouled fuel systems 215
7.0.3 Physical decontamination 217
7.7 Test methods for biocide efficacy 217
7.7.1 Tests for fuel preservation 217
7.7.2 Tests for fuel disinfection 219
7.8 Monitoring 220
7.8.1 Biocide monitoring--<:hemical 220
7.8.2 Biocide monitoring-biological 220
7.8.3 Microbiological monitoring 221
7.8.4 Interpretation of on-site tests 223
7.9 Commercial anti-microbial agents 224
7.9.1 Early anti-microbial agents 224
7.9.2 Commercial fuel biocides 225
7. \0 Biocides-present and future 229
7.11 Summary of strategies 230
References 231
Appendix 233
8 Biocides for use in the textile industry 238
B.J. McCARTHY
8.1 Introduction 238
8.2 Testing of textile materials for resistance to microbial attack 242
8.2.1 Pure-culture techniques 243
8.2.2 Mixed culture 243
8.2.3 Perfusion 243
Xll CONTENTS
8.2.4 Soil-burial methods 244
8.2.5 Soil-infection method 244
8.3 Microbial activity on textile materials-methods of assessment 244
8.4 Biocide testing in laboratory conditions 245
g.4.1 Sample preparation and biocide application 246
8.5 Standard test methods 247
8.5.1 Soil hurial 247
8.5.2 Mixed-inoculum agar plate test 248
8.5.3 Saturated atmosphere test 249
8.6 Recent developments in biocide testing techniques 252
8.7 Conclusions 253
9 The use of biocides in paint preservation 254
A. DOWNEY
9.1 Introduction 254
9.2 Why use a film biocide in print? 254
9.3 Historic developments of paint biocides 255
9.4 What constitutes a good paint film biocide 256
9.5 Adding the biocide to paint 256
9.6 Biocide efficacy 257
9.6.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 257
9.6.2 Accelerated laboratory tests 258
9.6.3 Field trails 258
9.7 What types of product are on the market? 259
9.8 How paint film preservatives fail 259
9.9 Future trends in paint film biocides 259
9.10 Wet-state paint preservation 260
9.10.1 What are the consequences of microbial spoilage? 260
9.10.2 What to look for in an in-can preservative 260
9.10.3 Preservative efficacy 261
9.11 Future trends in paint preservatives 262
References 266
Appendix 267
10 Biocides used in wood preservation 283
L. LEIGHTLEY
10.1 Introduction 283
10.2 The chemical composition of wood 284
10.3 Agents of timher degrade 284
10.3.1 Fungi 285
10.3.2 Brown rot 286
10.3.3 White rot 286
10.3.4 Soft rot 287
10.3.5 Bacteria 287
10.3.6 Insects 287
10.3.7 Borers 288
10.4 Marine animals 289
10.4.1 Types of manne borers 289
10.5 Timber preservatives 290
10.5.1 Types of timber preservatives 291
10.5.2 Tar oil preservatives 291
10.5.3 Light organic solvent preservatives 292
10.5.4 Waterborne preservatives 294
10.5.5 Timber preservation processes 295
10.6 Test methods for evaluating the performance of wood preservatives 298