Handbook of Automotive Human Factors

358 Pages·2019·57.717 MB·\358

by  Motoyuki Akamatsu (Editor)

Handbook of Automotive
Human Factors
Edited by:
Motoyuki Akamatsu
Automotive Human Factors Research Center, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan
For:
Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc.
p,
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Akamatsu, Motoyuki, 1955- editor.
Title: Handbook of automotive human factors / editor Motoyuki Akamatsu
(Automotive Human Factors Research Center, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan, for
Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc.).
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. | “A
science publishers book.’’ | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019010287 | ISBN 9780367203573 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Automobile driving--Human factors. | Automobile
driving--Physiological aspects. | Automobiles--Design and construction. |
Human engineering.
Classification: LCC TL250 .H285 2019 | DDC 629.2/31--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019010287
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Foreword
Motoyuki Akamatsu goes by Moto, an apt name given his interest in motor vehicles.
Over the decades I have known Moto, I have continued to be impressed with his vast
knowledge of the history of motor vehicle development, his grasp of fundamental
human factors issues, his insights into how Japanese culture influences research and
implementation, and with the rigor of his research. About 10 years ago Moto and I
collaborated (with others) on a strategic review of human factors activities at Nissan
and Renault. After one of those meetings, our hosts took us to a car museum near
Paris, and the background knowledge Moto provided was impressive. Several years
ago, we collaborated on a paper on the history of automotive factors (Akamatsu et al.,
2013). Collectively, these interactions set up high expectations, and of course, Moto’s
book delivers as expected.
Moto’s book contains 6 chapters that complement the existing literature. The
first chapter is an overview of automotive human factors, emphasizing contemporary
issues. The second chapter concerns the automotive development process, primarily
from the view of a researcher. It emphasizes commonly used tools and methods
(surveys, simulators, on-road testing). This material is extremely valuable,
particularly to researchers beginning in this field. Those interested in the development
process should also look at the literature on user experience methods (journey maps,
personas, use cases, etc.) given the widespread use in the auto industry. The third
chapter concerns occupant comfort and interior quality, a topic that receives scant
attention in automotive human factors conferences or journals, but is of great internal
interest to automotive manufacturers and suppliers, as comfort and interior quality
often determine what customers buy. Those interested in this topic should look at
the literature on Quality Function Deployment (QFD)/House of Quality, literature
so substantial that it would have been difficult to cram into this chapter. Chapter 4
concerns driver state, which now is a critical topic given increasing interest in the
automation of driving. A well-studied issue is transfer of control, a topic for which this
chapter provides valuable background. Chapter 5 concerns 4 topics: driver workload,
driver interfaces, distraction measurement, and driver assistance systems, and is the
longest chapter in the book. Chapter 6, concerning driver models, includes some
important models that are not commonly covered in automotive human factors texts.
In a foreword, one is encouraged to proclaim that a tome is the greatest volume
since the Bible/Quran/etc. Moto’s book is quite useful, but not at that biblical level.
Probably the best overall reference on automotive human factors is Bhise’s (2016)
book (Ergonomics in the Automotive Design Process), which incorporates much
of what Bhise learned during his long career at Ford. Moto’s book was written to
iv Handbook of Automotive Human Factors
complement Bhise’s book, which it does quite well. Moto’s book also complements
Peacock and Karwowski (1993), a now dated and less comprehensive alternative to
Bhise’s book.
So, what are the alternatives to Moto’s book? Quite frankly, there is nothing that
blends applications and research as this book does except for Gkikas (2013), which is
a useful edited collection of chapters, but not as well integrated as Moto’s book, as it
is not of a single mind.
There are also several books that focus on contemporary issues. They include
Cacciabue’s (2007) edited book on modeling driver performance and 3 books
concerned with driver distraction—Regan et al. (2009)—the widely cited classic,
Rupp’s 2010 book on distraction measurement, and Regan et al. (2013), one of the
more recent collections. Somewhat related is the Walker et al. (2015) edited volume
that also deals with advanced vehicle technology. Finally, 2 other references worthy of
note are Fisher et al. (2011), an encyclopedic book on driving simulation and Smiley
(2015), one of many books on the forensic aspects of traffic safety from Lawyers and
Judges Publishing.
So, what should one have on their bookshelf and read? I would start with Bhise
and then read Moto Akamatsu’s book. After that, it would depend on what one is
interested in—new technology in general, distraction, driving simulation, or some
other topic. In addition, I would also strongly encourage everyone to read SAE
Recommended Practice J2944 (Operational Definitions of Driving Performance
Measures and Statistics).
References
Akamatsu, M., P. Green and K. Bengler. (2013). Automotive technology and human factors research:
Past, present, and future. International Journal of Vehicular Technology.
Bhise, V.D. (2016). Ergonomics in the Automotive Design Process. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Cacciabue, P.C. (2007). Modelling Driver Behaviour in Automotive Environments: Critical Issues in
Driver Interactions with Intelligent Transport Systems. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New
York.
Gkikas, N. (2016). Automotive Ergonomics: Driver-Vehicle Interaction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Peacock, B. and W. Karwowski (eds.). (1993). Automotive Ergonomics. London, England: Taylor &
Francis.
Regan, M.A., J.D. Lee and K. Young. (2008). Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Regan, M.A., J.D. Lee and T.W. Victor. (2013). Driver Distraction and Inattention. Ashgate.
Rupp, G. (2010). Performance Metrics for Assessing Driver Distraction. Warrendale, PA: Society of
Automotive Engineers.
Smiley, A. (2015). Human Factors in Traffic Safety (3rd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Lawyers and Judges.
Society of Automotive Engineers. (2015). Operational Definitions of Driving Performance Measures
and Statistics (SAE Recommended Practice J2944), Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive
Engineers.
Walker, G.H. and N.A. Stanton. (2017). Human Factors in Automotive Engineering and Technology.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Walker, G.H., N.A. Stanton and P.M. Salmon. (2015). Human Factors in Automotive Engineering and
Technology. Ashgate.
Paul Green
University of Michigan
Preface
This book comes about as a result of the translation of a part of the Automotive Human
Factors of Automotive Engineering Handbook published by the Society of Automotive
Engineers of Japan (JSAE) in March 2016 in Japanese. It is financially supported by
the Automotive Human Factors Research Center (AHFRC) of the National Institute
of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) of Japan. The selecting, compiling and
editing works have been accomplished by the editor who is a prime senior researcher
of AHFRC. The original articles were written by 37 Japanese authors who are experts
on automotive human factors in research institutes, universities and industries.
Human-centered design is a key issue in automotive technology nowadays.
Improvement in technology enables us to design driver assistance systems and in-
vehicle infotainment systems, cabin interiors and drive ability with greater flexibility
to meet human needs, functionalities and activities (human-centered design). In order
to achieve it, a wide range of knowledge about humans is required in the design and
development process. Knowledge about humans includes human sensory and motor
functions, cognitive functions, physiology and homeostatic functions, mental state,
behavioral characteristics and so on. However, it is not easy for automotive engineers
to learn and master all related disciplines and understand how to apply them by only
reading relevant textbooks. Therefore, there is a need to have a complete book that
compiles appropriate topics.
The Handbook of Automotive Human Factors aims to provide basic knowledge
about measurement and modeling of human functions and research and practices
related to automotive human factors. This book offers valuable lessons for researchers,
designers and developers for further research and development of human-centered
design of future automotive technologies. Some of the contents of the book are well
established and some are state-of-the-art. This book covers the following human
factors issues: driver state, sensory comfort (Kansei), interactions with systems and
driver behavior. It does not cover seating/packaging, displays/controls, visibility and
cabin climate because there have already been several books regarding these topics.
Chapter 1 reviews the history of automotive ergonomics and human factors and
indicates future issues. Chapter 2 describes the role of ergonomics and human factors in
the automobile design process and gives methodologies to understand the driver using
questionnaires, measurements using driving simulators and equipped vehicles and
sociological approaches. Chapter 3 presents experiences of sound design for vehicles,
ride quality and illumination for cabin comfort. Chapter 4 discusses driver state such
vi Handbook of Automotive Human Factors
as fatigue, workload, arousal level and enjoyment of driving, and their measurement
methods. Chapter 5 describes HMI design and evaluation of in-vehicle systems and
ADAS/automated driving systems. Chapter 6 explains characteristics and modeling
of drivers’ behavior that will be key issues in the future for designing human-centered
ADAS and other systems to support/assist drivers and extend drivers’ ability.
Motoyuki Akamatsu, Editor
January 2019
Contents
Foreword iii
Preface v
1. Overview of Automotive Ergonomics and Human Factors 1
1.1 Ergonomics and Human Factors for Making Products and Systems 1
Compatible with Humans
1.2 Beginning of Human-compatible Automobile Design 1
1.3 Vehicle Cabin Design 3
1.4 Instruments and Displays 4
1.4.1 Instrument Arrangement 4
1.4.2 Meters and Displays 5
1.4.3 Controls 6
1.5 Riding Comfort and Fatigue 7
1.5.1 Fatigue 7
1.5.2 Vibration 8
1.5.3 Arousal Level 9
1.6 Vehicle Interior Environment 9
1.7 Driving Tasks and Non-driving Tasks 10
1.7.1 In-vehicle Systems 10
1.7.2 Non-driving Activities like Using Mobile Phones 11
1.7.3 Visual Distraction 11
1.7.4 Mental Workload and Cognitive Distraction 12
1.8 Driver Model and Driving Behavior Measurement 13
1.8.1 Driver Model 13
1.8.2 Driving Behavior Measurement 13
1.8.2.1 Site-based Measurement 13
1.8.2.2 Driving Simulators 14
1.8.2.3 Equipped Vehicles and Naturalistic Driving Study 15
1.9 Driving-assistance Systems/Automated Driving Systems 15
1.9.1 ACC/Lane-keeping Systems 15
1.9.2 Automated Driving Systems 16
1.10 Elderly Drivers 17
1.11 Positive Aspects of Automobile Driving 18
1.11.1 Enjoyment and Growth 18
1.11.2 Stress Relief 20
viii Handbook of Automotive Human Factors
1.12 Future of Automobile Ergonomics: Viewpoint of Service 21
Engineering for Providing Value to Users
References 22
2. Ergonomic and Human Factors in Automobile Design and 32
Development Process
2.1 Ergonomists’ Roles and Responsibilities in Automobile Design 32
and Development
2.1.1 Ergonomics for Automobiles 32
2.1.2 Development Process 33
2.1.3 Identifying Out User Requirements 33
2.1.4 Ergonomics in Design Stage 34
2.1.5 Ergonomics in Assessment Stage 35
2.1.6 Feedback from Users 35
2.1.7 Designing User’s Manual 36
2.2 Surveys for Understanding Users in Design Stage 37
2.2.1 Viewpoints for Considering Target Users 37
2.2.2 Observation-based Approach 38
2.2.2.1 Knowing User Requirements 38
2.2.2.2 Behavior Observation 38
2.2.2.3 Ethnographical Methods 38
2.2.2.4 Task Analysis 40
2.2.3 Questionnaire and Interview Approach 41
2.2.3.1 Objectives of Questionnaires and Interviews 41
2.2.3.2 Selecting Survey Methods 41
2.2.3.3 Designing Paper Questionnaires and Interviews 42
2.2.3.4 Depth Interview Method 43
2.2.3.5 Group Interview 44
2.3 Driving Behavior Measurement 44
2.3.1 Driving Behavior Measurement Using Driving Simulators 44
2.3.1.1 Objectives of Using Driving Simulators 44
2.3.1.2 Basic Configuration of Driving Simulators 45
2.3.1.3 Classification of Driving Simulators 46
2.3.1.4 Driving Simulator Sickness 48
2.3.1.5 Other Tips for Use in Driving Simulators 49
2.3.2 Driving Behavior Measurement Using Instrumented Vehicles 50
2.3.2.1 Instrumented Vehicle 50
2.3.2.2 Measurement Environment 52
2.3.2.2.1 Measurement on a Test Track 52
2.3.2.2.2 Measurement on Real Roads 52
2.3.2.3 FOT and NDS 53
2.3.3 Driving Behavior Analysis Using Drive Recorders 53
2.3.3.1 Drive Recorder Specifications 53
2.3.3.2 Recording Driving Behavior 54
2.3.3.2.1 Face Direction 54
2.3.3.2.2 Recording Traffic Conditions 56
Contents ix
2.3.3.3 Data Recording Methods 56
2.3.3.3.1 Event Trigger Methods 56
2.3.3.3.2 Continuous Recording Methods 56
2.3.3.4 Examples of Drive Recorder Data Analysis 56
2.3.3.4.1 Time Series Analysis Using Variation 56
Tree Analysis
2.3.3.4.2 Analyzing a Series of Background Factors 58
References 59
3. Comfort and Quality 62
3.1 Occupant Comfort During Vehicle Run 62
3.1.1 Vibration and Comfort 62
3.1.1.1 Basic Vibration Measurement and Evaluation Methods 63
3.1.1.2 Riding Comfort Evaluation by Phenomenon 64
3.1.1.3 Method for Estimating the Vibration of the Seat 64
when an Occupant is Sitting
3.1.2 Comfort of the Seat 65
3.1.2.1 Seat Structure and Vibration Absorption Properties 66
3.1.2.1.1 Transmission of Vibration through the Seat 66
3.1.2.1.2 Issues on the Measurement of the 66
Vibration of the Seat
3.1.2.1.3 Seat Structure and Specific Characteristics 66
of Vibration
3.1.2.1.4 Vibration Characteristics of the Parts of Seat 67
3.1.2.1.5 Changes in the Characteristics of Vibrations 68
on People
3.1.2.2 Body Movements Caused by Acceleration 68
3.1.2.3 Support Performance of the Seat 69
3.1.2.3.1 Lateral Movements 69
3.1.2.3.2 Movements of the Head 70
3.1.2.3.3 Support by the Seat during Driving 70
3.1.3 Vibration and Driving Performance 70
3.2 Acoustic Comfort 75
3.2.1 Design of the Engine Sound 75
3.2.1.1 Acoustic Characteristics that Influence Sound Design 75
3.2.1.2 Order Composition of Sounds 75
3.2.1.2.1 Orders and Generation Mechanism 75
(1) Engine sound 75
(2) Suction sound 76
(3) Exhaust sound 77
3.2.1.2.2 Relationship of the Order Composition 77
and the Impression of the Sound
3.2.1.3 Control of the Sound 77
3.2.1.3.1 Method that Uses Components 78
of the Vehicle
3.2.1.3.2 Method that Uses Devices for Creating 78
Sounds