Handbook of Asian Criminology PDF
Preview Handbook of Asian Criminology
Handbook of Asian Criminology Jianhong Liu (cid:129) B ill Hebenton (cid:129) Susyan Jou Editors Handbook of Asian Criminology Editors Jianhong Liu Bill Hebenton Department of Sociology Centre for Criminology University of Macau and Criminal Justice Taipa, Macau , China University of Manchester Manchester, UK Susyan Jou School of Criminology National Taipei University Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C. ISBN 978-1-4614-5217-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-5218-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5218-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951669 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword This Handbook of Asian Criminology could not come at a better time. As India’s population rapidly approaches the size of China’s, as Myanmar seeks engagement with peer nations that respect a Rule of Law, as research on crime and justice fl ourishes from Seoul to Sydney, no criminologist on earth can ignore what our colleagues are doing in Asia. A decade ago, I told the senior editor of this collection that the “future of criminology lies in Asia.” I am honored that he has often reminded me of this statement. Yet I do not claim any profound meaning for my observation. Rather, I merely matched my prediction to the demographic trends. The future of criminology must be in Asia simply because the future of most people on earth is in Asia. What will this mean for the quality of human existence? While the strug- gle for food and survival remains problematic, especially in South Asia, the struggle for freedom from fear—of criminal force—seems more daunting. Across China and India, small farmers may have their land sold by corrupt local politicians, losing centuries of family investment in the land. From Afghanistan to Bangladesh, women suffer very high risks of rape or punish- ment if they dare venture onto the streets without a man to chaperone them. From the south of Thailand to many other locations, schools may be bombed or teachers may be murdered for teaching young girls to read. The booming economies and gleaming modern cities of Twentieth Century Asia belie the strong traditions that hold back progress. The Indian idea of “encounter killings” as a form of summary justice by police, for example, collides with a rule of law. Yet a senior police of fi cer who refused a politi- cian’s request to kill someone this way (making it appear to be self-defense by police against the criminal) did so on the grounds that the prospective victim had not killed anyone himself, as accused, and so the police would not kill him. Furious, the politician had the police of fi cer transferred, and his further career advancement blocked for at least 14 years. The good news is that this police of fi cer held fast to the substance, if not always the procedures, of a rule of law. He did what police in the USA have long been forced to do: to survive a confrontation between democracy and due process. The apparently increasing occurrence of such confrontations describes progress, the modern communications and Internet links of a growing Indian middle class may help to raise standards of justice. Many criminals punished in the USA are later found innocent based on new DNA evidence, in cases publicized around the planet. Each of these may be a shock to v vi Foreword innocents about the state of justice. Yet it could also be a splendid indicator of rising integrity. It is only when cultural demands for fairness become intense enough to review the accuracy of punishment that such injustice can be revealed. More global news of such efforts, in a wide range of countries, spreads across the Internet daily and into Asia. That, in turn, makes interest in criminology grow as an extension of middle-class empathy for victims of crime and injustice. There is another reason why the future of criminology lies in Asia. That reason is the huge desire for learning found in Asia. In the past 4 years, I have spent 20 weeks in Asia teaching police and criminologists in Turkey, Israel, India, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Australia. In each of these visits I have been impressed with the curiosity and zeal for learning I have seen. The passion for reading research articles word for word is impressive. So are the PowerPoint presentations prepared by the students I have taught, mastering complex ideas into coherent and logical connections. Their con- sumption of criminological research may already surpass the rest of the world’s combined. The same, of course, cannot yet be said of the production of research, at least not in the English language journals. The Asian Journal of Criminology is a bright beacon of such research. But the test of Asian research on crime will be the growth rate of publications in journals without regions: CRIMINOLOGY, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY, POLICE QUARTERLY, and POLICING, for example, all of which gladly accept good research done anywhere on earth. Data from Asian countries have already appeared in numerous articles, and should grow in future years as more well-trained PhDs return home from graduate schools in the North Atlantic. The pace of research will increase even faster when Asian graduate schools rise to the volume of US and European schools in annual PhD production. Such an outcome is not far off. The key to this will be a steady commitment to empiricism, and a steadfast resistance of the siren call of moral philosophy. The discursive insights of the latter framework in criminology may merci- fully jar Asian sensibilities, which may give quantitative empiricism a cul- tural advantage in any case. Therein lies a paradox. To the extent that Asia comes to dominate crimi- nology, it is unlikely to do so in a regional way. Whatever cultural dimensions criminology has—and they are many—they do not pose a barrier to building a uni fi ed, global science of crime. The effects of family bonds in preventing crime, for example, appear to be universal, and not culturally dependent. The deterrent effects of police patrols in crime hot spots may also be universal. Domestic violence is certainly found in every nation, and education for women may reduce it wherever it occurs. Asians who study these phenomena will have as much desire as criminologists from elsewhere to make and test general propositions, applying to all humans on all continents. It is therefore possible that someday there will be no Handbook of Asian Criminology. There may be many handbooks, global in scope. There may be handbooks that tell readers of distinctive features of law and justice in different nations or regions. But what there may not be is any claim that criminology Foreword vii is different in Asia, just as we would reject the idea of “German science” propagated in World War II. If and when that day comes, it will be a long time from now. The impact of nation-states on the nature of crime and justice problems makes criminol- ogy without borders a dif fi cult challenge. We will be many years in revealing the commonalities of science across regions and even within Asia. Until then, readers will fi nd this Handbook indispensible. Hyderabad, India Lawrence W. Sherman Contents 1 Progress of Asian Criminology: Editors’ Introduction ........... 1 Jianhong Liu, Bill Hebenton, and Susyan Jou Part I Types of Crime in Asia 2 Homicide in Asia ......................................................................... 11 Mengyan Dai 3 Curbing Corruption and Enhancing Trust in Government: Some Lessons from Singapore and Hong Kong ....................... 25 Jon S.T. Quah 4 Cybercrime in Asia: Trends and Challenges ............................ 49 Roderic Broadhurst and Lennon Y.C. Chang 5 Triad, Yakuza, and Jok-Pok: Asian Gangsters in Cinema ...... 65 Paul T. Lankin and Phillip C. Shon 6 Intellectual Property Crime Online in Asia .............................. 83 David S. Wall and Majid Yar 7 “Opportunist” Insurance Fraud Under Different Political Economies: Taiwan (Asia) and Europe Compared .................. 99 Susyan Jou 8 Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking in Asia ................................ 115 Huan Gao 9 Human Trafficking in Asia ......................................................... 129 R. Thilagaraj and S. Latha 10 Terrorism in Asia: A Persistent Challenge Sustained by Ideological, Physical, and Criminal Enablers ..................... 147 Paul J. Smith Part II Crime and Criminal Justice in Selected Asian Countries 11 Crime and Justice in Cambodia ................................................ 167 Roderic Broadhurst, Thierry Bouhours, and Chenda Keo ix
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