Handbook of Antenna Design, Vol. 2

963 Pages·1983·44.55 MB·English

by  A.W.Rudge

electromagnetic waves series 28
The
Handbook of
AnTennA
Design
VOLUMe 2
editors
A.W. Rudge K. Milne
A.D. Oiver P. Knight
Peter Peregrinus Ltd on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
IEE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SERIES 16
SERIES EDITORS: PROFESSOR P.J.B. CLARRICOATS
E.D.R. SHEARMAN
AND J.R. WAIT
The
Handbook of
VOLUME 2
Previous volumes in this series
Volume 1 Geometrical theory of diffraction for
electromagnetic waves
Graeme L. James
Volume 2 Electromagnetic waves and curved
structures
Leonard Lewin, David C. Chang and
Edward F. Kuester
Volume 3 Microwave homodyne systems
Ray J. King
Volume 4 Radio direction-finding
P. J. D. Gething
Volume 5 ELF communications antennas
Michael L. Burrows
Volume 6 Waveguide tapers, transitions
and couplers
F. Sporleder and H. G. Unger
Volume 7 Reflector antenna analysis
and design
P. J. Wood
Volume 8 Effects of the troposphere on radio
communications
Martin P. M. Hall
Volume 9 Schuman resonances in the
earth-ionosphere cavity
P. V. Bliokh, A. P. Nikolaenko and
Y.F. Filippov
Volume 10 Aperture antennas and diffraction
theory
E.V.Jull
Volume 11 Adaptive array principles
J. E. Hudson
Volume 12 Microstrip antenna theory and design
J. R. James, P. S. Hall and C. Wood
Volume 13 Energy in Electromagnetism
H. G. Booker
Volume 14 Leaky feeders and subsurface
radio communications
P. Delogne
Volume 15 The Handbook of Antenna Design
Volume 1
Editors: A.W. Rudge, K. Milne,
A.D. Olver, P. Knight
The
Handbook of
uvJLK.
VOLUME 2
Editors
A.W.Rudge K. Milne
A.D.OIver P.Knight
Peter Peregrinus Ltd on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
List of Contributors
VOLUME 2
EDITORS CHAPTER LEADERS CONTRIBUTORS
A.W. Rudge R.C. Hansen K.G. Corless
K. Milne G.. Borgiotti D. Hicks
A.D. Olver D.E.N. Davies
P. Knight R.H.J. Cary
J. Belrose
M. Radford
A. Burberry
W.T. Blackband
Published by Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, UK.
©1983: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise-
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Handbook of antenna design.
Vol. 2. —(Electromagnetic waves; 16)
1. Antennas (Electronics)—Design and construction
I. Rudge, A.W. II, Series
621.384V35 TK7871.6
ISBN 0-906048-87-7
Printed in England by Short Run Press Ltd., Exeter
Contents
List of contributors iv
Preface xiii
9 Linear arrays - R. C. Hansen 1
Introduction 1
9.1 Design of array excitation 2
9.1.1 Narrow beam, low sidelobe pattern 4
9.1.2 Pattern synthesis 42
9.1.3 Superdirective arrays 54
9.1.4 Thinned arrays 68
9.1.5 Array tolerances and limits 73
9.2 Array feeds 79
9.2.1 Resonant arrays 81
9.2.2 Travelling-wave arrays 87
9.2.3 Corporate line and distributed feeds 98
9.2.4 Phaser and sub-array lobes 104
9.3 Array elements 109
9.3.1 Dipoles 109
9.3.2 Waveguide slots 113
9.3.3 Scan compensated elements 121
9.3.4 Printed-circuit antennas 126
9.3.5 Moderate gain elements 133
9.4 References 134
10 Planar arrays - R. C. Hansen 141
Introduction 141
10.1 Array excitation 141
10.1.1 Array lattice 141
10.1.2 Beamwidth 143
10.1.3 Grating lobes 147
10.1.4 Quantisation lobes 151
10.1.5 Directivity 151
10.1.6 Planar array excitation 156
10.2 Array feeds 161
10.2.1 Fixed beam arrays 161
10.2.2 Electronic scanning in one plane 166
10.2.3 Electronic scanning in both planes 167
10.3 Mutual coupling 170
10.3.1 Fundamentals 172
vi Contents
10.3.2 Element-by-element approaches 181
10.3.3 Periodic cell approach 203
10.3.4 Scan compensation 218
10.4 References 222
11 Conformal arrays - G. Borgiotti 227
11.1 Introduction 227
11.2 Conformal array analysis 229
11.2.1 General 229
11.2.2 Formal characterisation of an array 230
11.2.3 Internal and external mutual couplings 233
11.2.4 Multimode aperture elements: Generalised scattering coefficients 235
11.2.5 Mutual admittances and scattering coefficients 238
11.3 Cylindrical array of apertures 240
11.3.1 Field of a magnetic current on a circular conducting cylinder 240
11.3.2 Harmonic series expressions for the mutual and self admittances 242
11.3.3 GTD surface field calculation 244
11.3.4 GTD expressions for the mutual admittances 247
11.3.5 Radiation pattern evaluation 252
11.4 Cylindrical arrays with a large number of elements:
The periodic structure approach 257
11.4.1 Periodic infinite array model 257
11.4.2 Eigenexcitations and eigenpatterns and their use in array analysis 258
11.4.3 Evaluation of the eigenvalues of the admittance matrices 261
11.4.4 Array RGP for an arbitrary excitation: Single excited element RGP 264
11.4.5 Aperture matching and element pattern design 265
11.4.6 Numerical examples and discussion 267
11.5 GTD evaluation of mutual admittances:
Generalisation to a generic convex surface 270
11.6 Conical arrays 274
11.6.1 Self and mutual admittances 274
11.6.2 Radiation pattern 278
11.7 Acknowledgement 284
11.8 Appendices 284
11.8.1 Modal admittances for rectangular and circular waveguides 284
11.8.2 Fourier transforms of the vector mode functions for rectangular and circular
waveguide radiators 286
11.8.3 Fock functions 288
11.8.4 Evaluation of the radiation pattern of an aperture on a large conducting
cylinder 290
11.8.5 Eigenex citations of the periodic cylindrical array 295
11.9 References 296
12 Circular arrays - D. E. N. Davies 298
12.1 Introduction 298
12.2 Beam cophasal excitation 299
12.2.1 Wideband performance 302
12.2.2 Electronic scanning for beam-cophased patterns 302
12.3 Amplitude-mode and phase-mode excitation of circular arrays 305
12.3.1 Concept of phase and amplitude modes for continuous circular arrays 305
12.3.2 Phase modes in circular arrays employing a finite number of
omnidirectional elements 309
12.3.3 Phase modes in circular arrays employing directional elements 310
12.4 Excitation networks for phase modes on circular arrays 314
Contorts
12.5 Mutual coupling in circular arrays 318
12.6 Applications of circular arrays 319
12.6.1 Communication applications 319
12.6.2 Radar applications 321
12.6.3 Circular arrays in direction finding 323
12.7 References 327
13 Array signal processing - D. E. N. Davies, K. G. Corless, D. S. Hicks and K. Milne 330
13.1 Introduction 330
13.1.1 Applications of array signal processing 331
13.2 ASP receiving systems for radar 332
13.2.1 Multiple beams 332
13.2.2 Multiple beams from element sampling 336
13.2.3 Equivalence between multiple beams and Nyquist rate beam scanning 337
13.2.4 Sidelobe levels in floodlight transmission systems 341
13.2.5 Compatability of ASP with other radar processing schemes 341
13.3 ASP in combined transmit and receive antenna systems 342
13.3.1 Pulse compression in angle by within pulse scanning on transmission 343
13.3.2 Array thinning on both transmit and receive by the use of ASP 344
13.3.3 Multiple beam operation on transmit and receive 347
13.3.4 Within pulse time sampling of transmitting array 347
13.3.5 Within pulse frequency scanning 348
13.3.6 Directionally decorrelated transmitter beams 349
13.3.7 Alternative configurations including multistatic systems 353
13.3.8 Signal processing technologies 354
13.4 Multiplicative signal processing and post-demodulation synthetic aperture
techniques 357
13.4.1 Interferometers 357
13.4.2 Interferometers with multiplicative processing 359
13.4.3 Principles of multiplicative arrays 360
13.4.4 Spatial frequency response for multiplicative arrays 363
13.4.5 Multiple source excitation of multiplicative arrays 365
13.4.6 Signal and noise performance of multiplicative arrays 367
13.4.7 Post-demodulation synthetic aperture antennas 368
13.5 Coherent synthetic aperture antennas 371
13.5.1 Principle 371
13.5.2 Unfocused synthetic aperture 374
13.5.3 Focused synthetic aperture 376
13.5.4 Minimum number of samples 380
13.5.5 Signal-processing hardware 382
13.5.6 Radar PRF 382
13.5.7 Doppler-frequency interpretation 382
13.5.8 Radar performance 383
13.5.9 Response to target scintillation and motion 384
13.5.10 Applications 385
13.6 Null steering 385
13.6.1 Introduction 385
13.6.2 Multiple nulls 386
13.6.3 Multi-element null-steering arrays 388
13.6.4 An orthogonal beam-forming network 391
13.6.5 Multi-element array with single null steering 393
13.6.6 Sidelobe canceller 395
13.6.7 Discussion 397
13.7 Adaptive null steering 399
viii Contents
13.7.1 Introduction 399
13.7.2 Sidelobe cancellers 400
13.7.3 Adaptive arrays 407
13.8 References 454
14 Radomes - R. J. Carey 457
14.1 Introduction 457
14.1.1 Definitions 457
14.1.2 History and background 457
14.1.3 Constructions 458
14.1.4 Disadvantages and advantages of radomes 460
14.2 Basic radome requirements 461
14.2.1 General requirements 461
14.2.2 Environmental requirements 461
14.3 Basic electrical properties of dielectric radome construction 462
14.3.1 Transmission parameters 462
14.3.2 Transmission of a single-layer construction 463
14.3.3 Transmission of an A sandwich construction 464
14.3.4 Transmission of the B sandwich construction 466
14.3.5 Transmission of the C sandwich and further multi-layer constructions 468
14.4 Design of shaped radomes 469
14.5 Radome materials 476
14.5.1 Materials and their requirements 476
14.5.2 Fibre-reinforced resin laminates 478
14.5.3 Core materials for resin-fibre laminates 433
14.5.4 High-temperature materials 488
14.5.5 Loaded and artificial dielectrics 498
14.5.6 Rain-erosion-resistant materials 499
14.6 Radome structures 501
14.6.1 Near spherical rigid shapes (usually on land or sea) 501
14.6.2 Non-spherical rigid shapes (airborne applications) 503
14.7 Airborne radomes 507
14.7.1 Wide-band transmission designs 507
14.7.2 Multi-band radome designs 511
14.7.3 Aberration and its reduction 515
14.7.4 Cross-polarisation introduced by radomes, and its reduction 521
14.7.5 Reduction of radome reflections 528
14.7.6 Effects of radome hardware (rain-erosion cap, pitot systems and
lightning protection) 533
14.7.7 Prediction and reduction of radome hardware degradation 536
14.8 Ground and ship borne radomes 536
14.8.1 Environmental considerations for ground radomes 537
14.8.2 Air-supported radomes 541
14.8.3 Rigid radomes 542
14.9 Further radome developments 549
14.10 Acknowledgements 5 50
14.11 References 5 50
15 VLF, LF and MF Antennas - J. Belrose 553
15.1 Introduction 553
15.2 Analysis 554
15.2.1 Characteristics of vertical antennas 554
15.2.2 Parameters needed to specify performance 556
15.2.3 Methods for calculating antenna parameters 557
Contents ix
15.2.4 Radiation resistance 559
15.2.5 Antenna impedance 562
15.2.6 Relation between electrical height and physical height 564
15.2.7 Mutual impedance between monopole antennas 565
15.2.8 Effect of ground conductivity and ground systems on antenna
terminal impedance 569
15.2.9 Effect of the finite conductivity of the earth on the vertical antenna
radiation pattern 574
15.2.10 Conductor and tuning-coil losses 577
15.3 Practical antenna design: Loaded antennas 578
15.3.1 Types and methods of feed 578
15.3.2 T-type antenna 580
15.3.3 Transmission-line radiator 584
15.3.4 Diamond antenna 586
15.3.5 Large VLF antenna 587
15.3.6 Umbrella antenna 588
15.3.7 Multiple-tuned VLF antennas 597
15.4 Practical antenna design: Unloaded antennas 598
15.4.1 Vertical monopolesh < \/4 598
15.4.2 Vertical monopoles \/4< h < 5/8\ 599
15.4.3 Vertical monopoles h < 5/8\ 603
15.4.4 Folded monopoles 604
15.5 Broadcast antennas 606
15.5.1 Introduction 606
15.5.2 LF broadcast antennas 607
15.5.3 Anti-fade antennas 608
15.5.4 Directional arrays 611
15.5.5 Distortion of MF broadcasting antenna patterns due to re-radiation 615
15.6 Portable and mobile antennas 624
15.6.1 VLF/LF aircraft wire antennas 625
15.6.2 Dipole antennas on the surface of the ground 625
15.6.3 Electrically short mobile whip antennas 627
15.6.4 Interaction of antennas with their platforms 629
15.6.5 Tuning and matching electrically short antennas 631
15.6.6 Ground effects when only a few radial wires are employed 633
15.7 Long wires antennas, dipoles and loops 634
15.7.1 Travelling-wave antennas 634
15.7.2 Inverted-V dipole antenna 634
15.7.3 Half-delta loop antenna 636
15.8 Receiving antennas 636
15.9 Practical antenna design 640
15.9.1 Guyed radio antenna masts 640
15.9.2 Base insulators for guyed masts 640
15.9.3 Guy strain insulators 643
15.9.4 Top loading design 644
15.9.5 Antenna tuning unit 648
15.9.6 Arrangement of the antenna tuning unit 651
15.9.7 Feeding a single tower radiator at two MF frequencies 652
15.9.8 Unique installations 655
15.10 References 658
16 High-frequency antennas - M. F. Radford 663
16.1 Introduction to HF 663
16.1.1 HF propagation 663