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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN £0 HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES BY FRANZ BOAS PART 2 WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SKETCHES By EDWARD SAPIR, LEO J. FRAOHTENBERG, AND WALDEMAR BOGORAS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INsTITuTIoN, BUREAU OF AMERIcAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., February 20, 1911. SIR: I have the honor to submit for publication, subject to your approval, as Bulletin 40, Part 2, of this Bureau, the manuscript of a portion of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, prepared under the editorial supervision of Dr. Franz Boas. Yours, respectfully, F. W. lODGE, Ethnologist in Charge. Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutiom. III CONTENTS Page The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon, by Edward Sapir 1 Coos, by Leo 3. Frachtenberg 297 Siu8lawan (Lower TJmpqua), by Leo 3. Frachtenberg... - 431 Ohukchee, by Waldemar Bogoras.. 631 V THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTH- WESTERN OREGON BY EDWARD SAPIR 3045°-Bull. 40, Pt 2-2------1 1 CONTENTS Page § 1. Introduction 7 2-24. Phonology 8 § § 2. Introductory 8 3-11. Vowels 10 § General remarks . 10 System of vowels 10 Stress and pitch-accent 15 6-11. Vocalic processes 22 § Vowel hiatus 22 Dissimilation of u 24 I- umlaut 24 K-sounds preceded by u-xowels 27 Inorganic a 28 Simplification of double diphthongs 29 12-24. Consonants 31 § System of consonants 31 Final consonants 35 14-17. Consonant combinations 36 § General remarks 36 Initial combinations 36 Final combinations 38 Medial combinations 39 § § 18-24. Consonant processes 41 Dropping of final consonants 41 Simplification of doubled consonants 42 Consonants before x 44 Dissimilation of n to 1 and m 45 Catch dissimilation 47 Influence of place and kind of accent on manner of articulation 48 Inorganic h 51 25-115. Morphology 52 § Introductory 52 26-32. Grammatical processes 55 § General remarks 55 Prefixation 55 Suffixation 56 § 29 Infixation 56 Reduplication 57 Vowel-ablaut 59 Consonant-ablaut 62 33-83. I. The verb 63 § Introductory 63 34-38. 1. Verbal prefixes 64 § General remarks Incorporated nouns 66 Body-part prefixes 72 Local prefixes 86 Instrumental wa- 91 3 4 CONTENTS 25-115. Morphology-Continued. § 33-83. I. The verb-Continued. Page 39,40. 2. Formation of verb-stems 92 § General remarks 92 Types of stem-formation 95 § 41-58. 3. Verbal suffixes of derivation 117 General remarks 117 § 42.Petrified suffixes 118 § 43. Frequentatives and usitatives 127 44-51. Transitive suffixes 135 § General remarks 135 Causative -(a) n- 135 Comitative -(a) gw- 137 Indirective -of- (-s-) 141 Indirective (a') id- 143 Indirective -(a') md- 144 Indirective -(a)n (an)- "for" 145 Indirect reflexive -gwa- 148 52-57. Intransitive suffixes 149 § General remarks 149 Active intransitive -xa- 150 Reflexive -gwi- 152 Reciprocal }an 152 Non-agentive -x- 153 Positional-I £ 155 Impersonal -iau- 156 59-67. 4. Temporal-modal and pronominal elements 157 § Introductory 157 Intransitives, class I 160 Intransitives, class II 164 62-66. Transitives, class III 167 § General remarks 167 Transitive subject pronouns 170 Connecting -x- and -i- 172 Forms without connecting vowel 177 Passives 180 Verbs of mixed class, class IV 181 68-72. 5. Auxiliary and subordinating forms 184 § Periphrastic futures 184 Periphrastic phrases in na(g)- "do, act" 186 Subordinating forms 189 Conditionals 196 Uses of potential and inferential 199 73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives 201 § Introductory 201 Infinitives 201 75-78. Participles 204 § General remarks 204 Active participle in -t' 204 Passive participle in (a)k'w, -i'k" 205 Passive participle in -xap' (-sap') 207 79-82. Nouns of agency 208 § Introductory 208 Nouns of agency in (a')es 208 CONTE1cP$ 5 25-115. Morphology-Continued. § 33-83. I. The verb-Continued. Page 73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives-Continued. § 79-82. Nouns of agency-Continued. § Nouns of agency in sii, sãa 209 Nouns of agency in -xi 210 Forms in -i'ya 210 84-102. II. The noun 210 § Introductory 210 85, 86. 1. Nominal stems 214 § General remarks 214 Types of stem formation 215 87, 88. 2. Noun derivation 221 § Derivative suffixes 221 Compounds 225 3. Noun-characteristics and pre-pronominal -x- 227 90-93. 4. Possessive suffixes 231 § General remarks 231 Terms of relationship 232 Schemes II and III 235 Possessives with pre-positives. 237 94-96. 5. Local phrases 241 § General remarks 241 Pre-positives 242 Postpositions 243 97-102. 6. Post-nominal elements 246 § General remarks 246 Exclusive -ta 246 Plural -t'an (-han, -h!an) 247 Dual -dii 249 -wj' every 249 Deictic _ea\ 250 103-105. III. The pronoun 251 § Independent personal pronouns 251 Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs 252 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 254 106-109. IV. The adjective 255 § General remarks. 255 Adjectival prefixes 256 Adjectival derivative suffixes 258 Plural formations 262 110,111. V. Numerals 264 § Cardinals 264 Numeral adverbs 266 112-114. VI. Adverbs and particles 267 § Adverbial suffixes 267 Simple adverbs 270 Particles 272 VII. Interjections 278 Conclusion 281 Appendix A: 1. Comparative table of pronominal forms 284 2. Scheme of seven voices in six tense-modes 285 3. Forms of na(g)-"say, do" 286 - Appendix B: Specimen texts with analysis 291 THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON B EDWARD SAPIR § 1. INTRODUCTION The language treated in the following pages was spoken in the southwestern part of what is now the state of Oregon, along the middle portion of Rogue river and certain of its tributaries. It, together with an upland dialect of which but a few words were obtained, forms the Takilman stock of Powell. The form "Takelma" of the word is practically identical with the native name of the tribe, Daagelmaem THOSE DWELLING ALONG THE RIVER (see below, § 87, 4); there seems to be no good reason for departing from it in favor of Powell's variant form. The linguistic material on which this account of the Takelma language is based consists of a series of myth and other texts, published by the University of Pennsylvania (Sapir, Takelma Texts, Anthropological Publications of the University Museum, vol. ii, no. 1, Philadelphia, 1909), together with a mass of grammatical material (forms and sentences) obtained in connection with the texts. A series of eleven short medicine formulas or charms have been published with interlinear and free translation in the Journal of Ameri- can Folk-Lore (xx, 35-40). A vocabulary of Takelma verb, noun, and adjective stems, together with a certain number of derivatives, will be found at the end of the "Takelma Texts." Some manuscript notes on Takelma, collected in the summer of 1904 by Mr. H. H. St. Clair, 2d, for the Bureau of American Ethnology, have been kindly put at my disposal by the Bureau; though these consist mainly of lexical material, they have been found useful on one or two points. References like 125.3 refer to page and line of my Takelma Texts. Those in parentheses refer to forms analogous to the ones discussed. 7 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 40 The author's material was gathered at the Siletz reservation of Oregon during a stay of a month and a half in the summer of 1906, also under the direction of the Bureau of American Ethnology. My informant was Mrs. Frances Johnson, an elderly full-blood Takelma woman. Her native place was the village of Dak'1s!asi or DaidaniVc', on Jump-off-Joe creek (Dtp!Oits!i'ida), anorthern affluent of Rogue river, her mother having come from a village on the upper course of Cow creek (Hagwai). Despite her imperfect command of the English language, she was found an exceptionally intelligent and good-humored informant, without which qualities the following study would have been far more imperfect than it necessarily must be under even the very best of circumstances. In conclusion I must thank Prof. Franz Boas for his valuable advice in regard to several points of method and for his active interest in the progress of the work. it is due largely to him that I was encouraged to depart from the ordinary rut of grammatical description and to arrange and interpret the facts in a manner that seemed most in accordance with the spirit of the Takelma language itself.1 PHONOLOGY ( 2-24) § 2. Introductory In its general phonetic character, at least as regards relative harsh- ness or smoothness of acoustic effect, Takelma will probably be found to occupy a position about midway between the characteristically rough languages of the Columbia valley and the North Californian and Oregon coast (Chinookan, Salish, Alsea, Coos, Athapascan, Yurok) on the one hand, and the relatively euphonious languages of the Sacramento valley (Maidu, Yana, Wintun) on the other, inclining rather to the latter than to the former. From the former group it differs chiefly in the absence of voiceless i-sounds (L, 1,2 .rd) and of velar stops (q, g, g!); from the latter, 1 What little has been learned of the ethnology of the Takelma Indians will be found Incorporated In two articles written by the author and entitled Notes on the Tskelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, In American Ant hropologist, n. S., IX, 251-273; and Religious ideas of the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, xx, 33-49. 11n the myths, 1 Is freely prefixed to any word spoken by the bear. Its uneuphonious character is evi- dently Intended to match the coarseness of the bear, and for this quasi-rhetorical purpose It was doubtless derisively borrowed from the neighboring Athapascan languages, in which it occurs with great frequency. The prefixed sibilant s- serves in' a similar way as a sort of sneezing adjunct to indicate the speech of tbe coyote. (Jwi'di wExRx? says the ordinary mortal; lgwi'di, the bear; sgw'di, the coyote. §2 BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES-TAKELMA 9 in the occurrence of relatively more complex consonantic clusters, though these are of strictly limited possibilities, and hardly to be considered as difficult in themselves. Like the languages of the latter group, Takelma possesses clear- cut vowels, and abounds, besides, in long vowels and diphthongs; these, together with a system of syllabic pitch-accent, give the Takel- ma language a decidedly musical character, marred only to some extent by the profusion of disturbing catches. The line of cleavage between Takelma and the neighboring dialects of the Athapascan stock ([Jpper TJmpqua, Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chasta Costa) is thus not only morphologically but also phonetically distinct, despite re- semblances in the manner of articulation of some of the vowels and consonants. Chasta Costa, formerly spoken on the lower course of Rogue river, possesses all the voiceless i-sounds above referred to; a peculiar illusive q!, the fortis character of which is hardly as prominent as in Chinook; a voiced guttural spirant r as in North German Tage; the sonants or weak surds dj and z (rarely); a voiceless interdental spif ant ç and its corresponding fortis tç!; and a very frequently oc- curring tl vowel, as in English nup. All of these are absent from Takelma, which, in turn, has a complete labial series (b, p, p!, m), whereas Chasta Costa has oniy the nasal m (labial stops occur appar- ently only in borrowed words,boçi' CAT <pussy). The fortis k!, com- mon in Takelma, seems in the Chasta Costa to be replaced by q!; the Takelma vowel IL, found also in California, is absent from Chasta Costa; r is foreign to either, though found in Galice Creek and Shasta. Perhaps the greatest point of phonetic difference, however, between the Takelma and Chasta Costa languages lies in the peculiar long (doubled) consonants of the latter, while Takelma regularly simpli- fies consonant geminations that would theoretically appear in the building of words. Not enough of the Shasta has been published to enable one to form an estimate of the degree of phonetic similarity that obtains between it and Takelma, hut the differences can hardly be as pronounced as those that have just been found to exist in the case of the latter and Chasta Costa. This preliminary survey seemed necessary in order to show, as far as the scanty means at present at our disposal would allow, the phonetic affiliations of Takelma. Attention will now be directed to the sounds themselves. §2