Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, 2nd Edition

671 Pages·2015·10.44 MB·English

by  Sunggyu Lee

ENERGY ENGINEERING lee
Green Chemistry and ChemiCaL enGineerinG
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handbook of alternative fuel technologies speight
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While strides are being made in the research and development of environmentally
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acceptable and more sustainable alternative fuels—including efforts to reduce
emissions of air pollutants associated with combustion processes from electric
power generation and vehicular transportation—fossil fuel resources are limited and
may be on the verge of depletion in the near future.
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Measuring the correlation between quality of life, energy consumption, and the l
efficient utilization of energy, the Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, t
Second Edition thoroughly examines the science and technology of alternative e
second edition
fuels and their processing technologies. It focuses specifically on environmental, r
technoeconomic, and socioeconomic issues associated with the use of alternative n
energy sources, such as sustainability, applicable technologies, modes of utilization,
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and impacts on society.
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Written with research and development scientists and engineers in mind, the material
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in this handbook provides a detailed description and an assessment of available
and feasible technologies, environmental health and safety issues, governmental e h
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regulations, and issues and agendas for R&D. It also includes alternative energy f
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networks for production, distribution, and consumption. u
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What’s New in This Edition:
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• Contains several new chapters of emerging interest and updates k
various chapters throughout e o
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• Includes coverage of coal gasification and liquefaction, hydrogen technology handbook of
and safety, shale fuel by hydraulic fracturing, ethanol from lignocellulosics, h
biodiesel, algae fuels, and energy from waste products n
• Covers statistics, current concerns, and future trends o
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A single-volume complete reference, the Handbook of Alternative Fuel
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Technologies, Second Edition contains relevant information on chemistry,
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technology, and novel approaches, as well as scientific foundations for further
enhancements and breakthroughs. In addition to its purposes as a handbook i tteecchhnnoollooggiieess
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for practicing scientists and engineers, it can also be used as a textbook or as a
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reference book on fuel science and engineering, energy and environment, chemical
process design, and energy and environmental policy.
edited by
K20680
second edition
sunggyu lee
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 James g. speight
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
an informa business
2 Park Square, Milton Park sudarshan K. loyalka
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com

Second Edition
Handbook of
ALTERNATIVE FUEL
TECHNOLOGIES
Green Chemistry and ChemiCaL enGineerinG
series editor: sunggyu Lee
Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cells: Contamination and mitigation strategies
Hui Li, Shanna Knights, Zheng Shi, John W. Van Zee, and Jiujun Zhang
Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cells: materials Properties and Performance
David P. Wilkinson, Jiujun Zhang, Rob Hui, Jeffrey Fergus, and Xianguo Li
solid Oxide Fuel Cells: materials Properties and Performance
Jeffrey Fergus, Rob Hui, Xianguo Li, David P. Wilkinson, and Jiujun Zhang
efficiency and sustainability in the energy and Chemical industries:
scientific Principles and Case studies, second edition
Krishnan Sankaranarayanan, Jakob de Swaan Arons, and Hedzer van der Kooi
nuclear hydrogen Production handbook
Xing L. Yan and Ryutaro Hino
magneto Luminous Chemical Vapor deposition
Hirotsugu Yasuda
Carbon-neutral Fuels and energy Carriers
Nazim Z. Muradov and T. Nejat Vezirogˇlu
Oxide semiconductors for solar energy Conversion: titanium dioxide
Janusz Nowotny
Lithium-ion Batteries: advanced materials and technologies
Xianxia Yuan, Hansan Liu, and Jiujun Zhang
Process integration for resource Conservation
Dominic C. Y. Foo
Chemicals from Biomass: integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes
for sustainable development
Debalina Sengupta and Ralph W. Pike
hydrogen safety
Fotis Rigas and Paul Amyotte
Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and technologies
Sunggyu Lee and Y. T. Shah
hydrogen energy and Vehicle systems
Scott E. Grasman
integrated Biorefineries: design, analysis, and Optimization
Paul R. Stuart and Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi
Water for energy and Fuel Production
Yatish T. Shah
handbook of alternative Fuel technologies, second edition
Sunggyu Lee, James G. Speight, and Sudarshan K. Loyalka
Second Edition
Handbook of
ALTERNATIVE FUEL
TECHNOLOGIES
Edited by
Sunggyu Lee
James G. Speight
Sudarshan K. Loyalka
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140117
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-9457-9 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Series Statement .......................................................................................................vii
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors ......................................................................................................................xv
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Global and U.S. Energy Overview .......................................................1
Sunggyu Lee and Barbara Wheelden
Chapter 2 Gasification of Coal ............................................................................19
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 3 Clean Liquid Fuels from Coal ............................................................85
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 4 Coal Slurry Fuel ...............................................................................129
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 5 Liquid Fuels from Natural Gas ........................................................157
James G. Speight
Chapter 6 Resids ...............................................................................................179
James G. Speight
Chapter 7 Liquid Fuels from Oil Sand ..............................................................209
James G. Speight
Chapter 8 Shale Oil from Oil Shale ..................................................................235
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 9 Shale Gas and Shale Fuel .................................................................311
Sunggyu Lee, Amber Tupper, Barbara Wheelden,
Ryan Tschannen, Aaron Gonzales, and Maxwell Tobias Tupper
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vi Contents
Chapter 10 Methanol Synthesis from Syngas .....................................................331
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 11 Ethanol from Corn ...........................................................................359
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 12 Ethanol from Lignocellulosics .........................................................395
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 13 Biodiesel ...........................................................................................441
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 14 Algae Fuel ........................................................................................455
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 15 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass ........................................471
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 16 Energy Generation from Waste Sources ..........................................523
Sunggyu Lee
Chapter 17 Geothermal Energy ..........................................................................549
Sunggyu Lee and H. Bryan Lanterman
Chapter 18 Nuclear Energy .................................................................................571
Sudarshan K. Loyalka
Chapter 19 Fuel Cells ..........................................................................................621
Mihaela F. Ion and Sudarshan K. Loyalka
Series Statement
The subjects and disciplines of chemistry and chemical engineering have encoun-
tered a new landmark in the way of thinking about, developing, and designing chemi-
cal products and processes. This revolutionary philosophy, termed green chemistry
and chemical engineering, focuses on the designs of products and processes that are
conducive to reducing or eliminating the use and/or generation of hazardous sub-
stances. In dealing with hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, there may
be some overlaps and interrelationships between environmental chemistry and green
chemistry. While environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environ-
ment and the pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry proactively aims to
reduce and prevent pollution at its very source. In essence, the philosophy of green
chemistry and of chemical engineering tend to focus more on industrial applica-
tion and practice rather than academic principles and phenomenological science.
However, as both a chemistry and chemical engineering philosophy, green chemistry
and chemical engineering derive from and build upon organic chemistry, inorganic
chemistry, polymer chemistry, fuel chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry,
physical chemistry, environmental chemistry, thermodynamics, chemical reaction
engineering, transport phenomena, chemical process design, separation technology,
automatic process control, and more. In short, green chemistry and chemical engi-
neering are the rigorous use of chemistry and chemical engineering for pollution
prevention and environmental protection.
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 in the United States established a national
policy to prevent or reduce pollution at its source whenever feasible. Adhering to
the spirit of this policy, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched its
Green Chemistry Program in order to promote innovative chemical technologies
that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design,
manufacture, and use of chemical products. The global efforts in green chemistry
and chemical engineering have recently gained a substantial amount of support from
the international communities of science, engineering, academia, industry, and gov-
ernment in all phases and aspects.
Some of the successful examples and key technological developments include
the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent in separation technologies;
application of supercritical water oxidation for destruction of harmful substances;
process integration with carbon dioxide sequestration steps; solvent-free synthesis of
chemicals and polymeric materials; exploitation of biologically degradable materi-
als; use of aqueous hydrogen peroxide for efficient oxidation; development of hydro-
gen proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells for a variety of power generation
needs; advanced biofuel productions; devulcanization of spent tire rubber; avoid-
ance of the use of chemicals and processes causing generation of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs); replacement of traditional petrochemical processes by microor-
ganism-based bioengineering processes; replacement of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
with nonhazardous alternatives; advances in design of energy-efficient processes;
vii
viii Series Statement
use of clean, alternative, and renewable energy sources in manufacturing; and much
more. This list, even though it is only a partial compilation, is undoubtedly growing
exponentially.
This series on Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering by CRC Press/Taylor
& Francis is designed to meet the new challenges of the twenty-first century in the
chemistry and chemical engineering disciplines by publishing books and monographs
based upon cutting-edge research and development to the effect of reducing adverse
impacts upon the environment by chemical enterprise. In achieving this, the series
will detail the development of alternative sustainable technologies, which will mini-
mize the hazard and maximize the efficiency of any chemical choice. The series aims
at delivering to the readers in academia and industry an authoritative information
source in the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering. The publisher and
its series editor are fully aware of the rapidly evolving nature of the subject and its
long-lasting impact upon the quality of human life in both the present and the future.
As such, the team is committed to making this series the most comprehensive and
accurate literary source in the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering.
Sunggyu Lee