Handbook of air pollution from internal combustion engines: pollutant formation and control PDF
Preview Handbook of air pollution from internal combustion engines: pollutant formation and control
Handbook of Air Pollution from Internal Combustion Engines Pollutant Formation and Control This Page Intentionally Left Blank Handbook of Air Pollution from Internal Combustion Engines Pollutant Formation and Control Editedby Eran Sher ACADEMIC PRESS Boston SanDiego NewYork London Sydney Tokyo Toronto Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. § Copyright© 1998byAcademicPress. Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,or anyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher. ACADEMICPRESS 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,CA92101,USA 1300BoylstonStreet,ChestnutHill,MA02167,USA http://www.apnet.com UnitedKingdomEditionpublishedby ACADEMICPRESSLIMITED 24-28OvalRoad,LondonNW1 7DX http://www.hbuk/co.uk/ap/ ISBN:0-12-639855-0 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Handbookofairpollutionfrominternalcombustionengines:pollutant formationandcontrol/editedbyEranShere p. em. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-12-639855-0Calk. paper) 1. Motorvehicles-Motors-Exhaustgas-Environmentalaspects. 2. Internalcombustionengines-Environmentalaspects. 3. Air- Pollution. I. Sher,Eran. TD886.5.H36 1998 629.25/28-dc21 97-48256 CIP PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 98 99 00 01 02 IP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication lowemyroots toProfessorChaimElataoftheBen-GurionUniversity, Beer-Sheva,Israel, whotaughtmehowtothink. lowemystemtothelateProfessorRowlandS.BensonofUMIST Manchester,England, whotaughtmehowtoobserve. lowemyfoliage toProfessorJamesC. KeckofMIT,Cambridge, Massachusetts,USA, whotaughtmehowto analyze. This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents List of Contributors. ............................. xiii Acknowledgments ............................... xix PART I OVERViEW . 1. Motor Vehicle Emissions Control: Past Achievements, Future Prospects 3 JohnB. Heywood SunJae ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering, Director, SloanAutomotiveLaboratory, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Massachusetts, UnitedStates 1.1 Synopsis...................................... 4 1.2 Introduction................................... 4 1.3 MotorVehicles andAirPollution 5 1.4 TheScienceofPollutantFormationandControl ........ 9 1.5 EffectivenessofCurrentEmissionControlTechnology ... 15 1.6 Direct-InjectionEngines,Two-Strokes, andDiesels. ..... 17 1.7 FutureProspects ................................ 20 References 23 PART II GLOBAL ASPECTS 25 2. Environment Aspects of Air Pollution 27 EranSher DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, The Pearlstone CenterforAeronauticalEngineeringStudies, Ben-Gurion University of theNegev, BeerSheva, Israel 2.1 Introduction................................... 28 vii viii Contents 2.2 GlobalEffects .................................. 28 2.3 RegionalEffects 35 References 41 3. Health Aspects of Air Pollution 42 RafaelS. Carel DivisionofCommunityMedicine, FacultyofHealth Sciences, SorokaMedical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel 3.1 Anatomy andPhysiologyoftheRespiratorySystem ..... 43 3.2 DefenseMechanisms oftheLung .. ................. 52 3.3 VentilatoryFunctionTests. ........................ 56 3.4 PrinciplesofInhalationInjuries. .................... 58 3.5 AirbornePollutantsCausingCancerandotherDiseases .. 63 References 64 4. Economic and Planning Aspects of Transportation Emission 65 Pnina o. Plaut FacultyofArchitectureandTown Planning, Technion, IsraelInstitute ofTechnology, Haifa, Israel Steven E. Plaut GraduateSchoolofBusinessAdministration, University ofHaifa, Haifa, Israel 4.1 Introduction................................... 66 4.2 TheNotionofOptimalPollutionAbatementandControl. 68 4.3 AlternativeSetsofAbatementPoliciesforMobile- SourceEmissions 72 4.4 AdministrativeMethodsofPollutionEmissionsControl .. 77 4.5 IndirectPricingMechanisms ....................... 82 4.6 Conclusions................................... 86 References 87 PART III SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES 91 5. Introductory Chapter. Overview and the Role of Engines with Optical Access 93 RichardStone DepartmentofEngineeringScience, Universityof Oxford, Oxford, UnitedKingdom 5.1 Introduction................................... 94 5.2 Engines withOpticalAccess. ...................... 97 5.3 High-SpeedPhotography 98 5.4 FlameFrontDetection 102 5.5 MixturePreparationandCombustionDiagnostics. ...... 105 Contents ix 5.6 SomeApplicationsofEngines withOpticalAccess. ..... 112 5.7 Conclusions................................... 115 References 115 6. Combustion-Related Emissions in 51 Engines 118 SimoneHochgreb DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Massachusetts, UnitedStates 6.1 Introduction................................... 119 6.2 NOxFormation................................. 124 6.3 CarbonMonoxide ............................... 135 6.4 HeEmissions .................................. 137 6.5 Summary..................................... 163 References 164 7. Pollution from Rotary Internal Combustion Engines 171 MarkDulger DeparmentofMechanicalEngineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel 7.1 Introduction................................... 171 7.2 SourcesofHydrocarbonEmissions. ................. 175 References 188 8. Control Technologies in Spark-Ignition Engines 189 BrianE. Milton NuffieldProfessorofMechanicalEngineering, Headof School, SchoolofMechanicalandManufacturing Engineering, The University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, Australia 8.1 GlobalandLocalEmissions: ABriefOverviewofthe Problem 190 8.2 GlobalEmissionsfromSIEngines 205 8.3 EngineControlFactorsforLocalEmissions 209 8.4 TransientOperationofEngines andtheEffecton Emissions ..................................... 210 8.5 SomeDetailsofControlSystems 222 8.6 Developmentsfor theFuture. ...................... 246 References 255 PART IV COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES ............... 259 9. Introduction 261 FranzF. Pischinger FEVMotorentechnikGmbHandCo KG, Aachen, Germany 9.1 TheDieselEngineforCars-IsThere aFuture? 262
Description:The list of books you might like
