Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union: Food Security, Food Safety, Sustainable Use of Resources in Agriculture

663 Pages·2018·9.83 MB·English

by  Ines Härtel (eds.)

Ines Härtel Editor
Handbook of
Agri-Food Law in
China, Germany,
European Union
Food Security, Food Safety, Sustainable
Use of Resources in Agriculture
Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany,
European Union
Ines Ha¨rtel
Editor
Handbook of Agri-Food Law
in China, Germany,
European Union
Food Security, Food Safety, Sustainable Use
of Resources in Agriculture
Editor
InesHa¨rtel
FacultyofLaw
EuropeanUniversityViadrinaFrankfurt(Oder)
Frankfurt(Oder),Germany
SupportedbyRobertBoschStiftung
ProofreadbyDonaldR.Black/B.K.Stevenson
ISBN978-3-319-67665-4 ISBN978-3-319-67666-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1
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Contents
1 Agri-FoodLaw:Term,Development,Structures,System
andFramework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
InesHa¨rtelandDapengRen
2 FoodSecurityandFoodSafetyLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
InesHa¨rtelandHuajiangYu
3 LandResourcesLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
HannaHollwitzandShuxngYang
4 GeneticResourcesLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
ChristinaFlasku¨hlerandXinhuiYu
5 RegulationsConcerningPesticidesandFertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Anne-KristinMayerandHengWang
6 WaterResourcesLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
ElisaAust,ClemensWirbel,andTianZhang
7 SoilProtectionLaw. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 397
Klaus-ChristianFritzsche,LenaJahrmarkt,andYumeiLi
8 ClimateChangeLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
ChristinaFlaskühlerandYumeiLi
9 GeneticallyModifiedOrganismsLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
JohannaMonienandYuanyuanCai
10 OrganicFarmingLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
MathiasOlbrischandWeiLi
11 TheRightofGeographicalIndicationsofAgriculturalProducts
andFood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
InesHa¨rtelandLianZhong
Appendix:ListofContents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
v
List of Abbreviations
BrFoodJ BritishFoodJournal
BrJNutr TheBritishJournalofNutrition
QualSafAgro-Products QualityandSafetyofAgro-Products
AmJClinNutr TheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition
JOrgSyst JournalofOrganicSystems
FoodQualPreference FoodQualityandPreference
ChinaQualCertification ChinaQualityCertification
AgricEcosystEnviron Agriculture,EcosystemsandEnvironment
vii
Chapter 1
Agri-Food Law: Term, Development,
Structures, System and Framework
InesHa¨rtelandDapengRen
Contents
1.1 TheConceptof“Agri-FoodLaw”......................................................... 2
1.1.1 TheSourceoftheTerminology.................................................... 2
1.1.2 TheRighttoFoodasaGlobalNormativeBasisforAgri-FoodLaw............ 4
1.2 TheFrameworkofAgri-FoodLawintheEuropeanUnionandGermany............... 9
1.2.1 TheRelationshipbetweentheLawoftheEUandGermanyasaMemberState.. 10
1.2.1.1 FoundationalAllocationofCompetences............................... 10
1.2.1.2 FormsofLegalAction................................................... 11
1.2.1.3 PrimacyofUnionLaws.................................................. 12
1.2.1.4 DecisionsoftheCourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion.............. 12
1.2.1.5 ApplicationoftheCharterofFundamentalRightsoftheEuropean
UnionandoftheGermanBasicLaw................................... 13
1.2.2 TheLegalBasesforUnionLegislationforAgri-FoodLaw...................... 14
1.2.2.1 Agriculture................................................................ 14
1.2.2.2 EnvironmentalProtection................................................ 15
1.2.2.3 ApproximationofLaws.................................................. 15
1.2.2.4 CommonTradePolicy................................................... 17
1.2.3 TheSecondaryDevelopmentoftheCommonAgriculturalPolicyoftheEU... 18
1.2.3.1 HistoricalOverviewofCommonAgriculturalPolicy.................. 18
1.2.3.2 TheTwo-PillarStructureoftheCommonAgriculturalPolicy......... 21
1.2.3.3 TheFirstPillaroftheCAP:MarketOrganisationandDirectPayments.. 22
1.2.3.3.1 CommonMarketOrganisationforAgriculturalProduce. . 22
1.2.3.3.2 DirectPayments.............................................. 24
1.2.3.3.2.1 TheBasicPayment............................ 25
1.2.3.3.2.2 CrossCompliance............................. 25
I.Ha¨rtel(*)
EuropeanUniversityViadrinaFrankfurt(Oder),ChairofPublicLaw,Administrative,
European,Environmental,AgriculturalandFoodLaw,FacultyofLaw,Frankfurt(Oder),
Germany
SupremeAdministrativeCourtforBerlin-Brandenburg,Berlin,Germany
ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing,China
e-mail:[email protected]
D.Ren
ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,DepartmentofLaw,Beijing,China
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 1
I.Ha¨rtel(ed.),HandbookofAgri-FoodLawinChina,Germany,EuropeanUnion,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1_1
2 I.Ha¨rtelandD.Ren
1.2.3.3.2.3 Greening....................................... 26
1.2.3.4 TheSecondPillaroftheCAP:TheDevelopmentofRuralAreas..... 29
1.2.4 BriefOverviewofEUFoodLaw.................................................. 29
1.2.5 TheBasicFederalStructuresofAgri-FoodLawinGermany.................... 31
1.3 TheFrameworkofAgri-FoodLawinChina.............................................. 34
1.3.1 LegalHierarchyandLegislativeAuthorityinChina............................. 34
1.3.1.1 Introduction............................................................... 34
1.3.1.2 FrameworkofAgriculturalLaws,RegulationsandRulesinChina... 36
1.3.1.2.1 ProvisionsonAgricultureandFoodintheConstitution... 36
1.3.1.2.2 LawsonAgriculture......................................... 37
1.3.1.2.3 AdministrativeRegulationsonAgricultureandFood...... 40
1.3.1.2.4 DepartmentalRulesofAgriculture.......................... 41
1.3.1.2.5 LocalDecreesandRegulations.............................. 43
1.3.2 ImplementationofAgriculturalLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina........ 44
1.3.2.1 SolutionsofCivilConflicts.............................................. 44
1.3.2.2 AdministrativeResponsibilityforViolationsoftheLaw
ofAgriculture............................................................ 45
1.3.2.3 CriminalResponsibilityforViolationsoftheLawofAgriculture..... 46
1.3.3 DevelopmentofChineseAgricultureLaw,EnvironmentalLawandFoodLaw. . 47
1.3.3.1 ObjectiveandFundamentalMeasureofAgricultureLaw.............. 47
1.3.3.1.1 ToClarifyRightsandObligations.......................... 47
1.3.3.1.2 ToEstablishanAgriculturalAccessSystem............... 48
1.3.3.1.3 ToEstablishtheSystemofAgriculturalSubsidies......... 49
1.3.3.2 ChineseEnvironmentalResourcesLawRelatedtoAgriculture
andFood.................................................................. 51
1.3.3.3 TheRelationshipbetweenChineseAgricultureandFoodLaw........ 52
References........................................................................................ 53
1.1 The Concept of “Agri-Food Law”
1.1.1 The Source of the Terminology
The term Agri-Food Law represents a generic concept and includes, firstly, Agri-
Law in its divers uses, including agri-environmental law/agri-orientated natural
resources law, secondly, Food Law including its various differentiations and,
thirdly,thespecificintersectionsbetweenAgri-LawandFoodLaw.
Here,thekeypointsofreference,inthefieldofAgri-FoodLaw,arefoodsecurity
andfoodsafety.Thenormativebasisforthisistheinternationalhumanrighttofood
(see Attachment II). In the past, there was a strict distinction between Agricultural
Law and Food Law. Here, the Agricultural Law encompassed mainly the primary/
first-stageproduction,whileFoodLawencompassedtheprocessingandthemarketing
offoodstuffs.Thislegalseparationofsphereshasbeenlosingitsclarityinthefaceof
morecomplexinterfacinginthefieldoffoodstuffs(agriculturalproductsandfurther
processedfoods).Characteristicofthecurrentstructuresestablishedfortheagricul-
turalandfoodindustry,isadeepenedintegrationofthevaluechain—oftheproduc-
tion, processing and distribution stages through to ultimate consumption. The
dynamicsofintegrationisperpetuatedbythenewscientificknowledge,technological
innovation,thesubstantialchangeinconsumerbehaviour,andtheglobalexpansionof
agriculturalandfoodmarkets.ButregionalAgri-Foodclustersalsoplayasignificant
1 Agri-FoodLaw:Term,Development,Structures,SystemandFramework 3
part in the development of integrated value chains. The law has taken up this
development of structural integration of the value chains in the Agri-Food sector
and—since this sectorappears asa uniform areaoflaw—made suchthe subject of
furtherlegaldevelopment.Thus,forexample,in2002ECRegulationNo.178/2002
thatlaid downthegeneral principlesand requirements for Food Law, formulateda
broad definition for “Food Law”,1 which includes the legal provisionsfor “all pro-
duction,processinganddistributionoffood.”Theapproachofintegratedvaluechains
isalsoclearlysignificantforensuringfoodsafety—theprincipleofproducttraceabil-
ityapplieshereforstagesofproduction,processinganddistribution2—“fromfarmto
fork–andfromforktofarm”.Similarly,theapproachofintegratedvaluechainsis
againfoundinthelawoforganicfarmingandthelawoflabellingforgeographical
origin as well as in sustainable development strategies/emblems, with their own
certificationprocedures(suchaswithcocoafarming).
Agri-FoodLawincludesbothAgriculturalLawandFoodLaw.FoodLawrefers
to product processing and the stages of distribution and marketing. At the same
time, guaranteeing food safety and food quality at all stages up to consumption
belong to this.3 Further conceptualization under this approach regards not only
referencetothevariouslegallevels(national,Europeanandtheglobalmulti-level
system), but also to sustainability, for example, reference to a product-orientated
life-cycleapproach,andtherecyclingeconomy.
Agricultural Law refers to thelegalframeworkforagriculture.Generallyunder-
stoodunderagriculturalprimaryproduction,istheeconomicuseofthelandtoproduce
plant and animal products. To this belong crop production, especially, cultivation
(includingseedproduction),grasslandfarmingandthecultivationofspecialitycrops
(suchasfruit,fieldvegetables,wine,hops).Includedinlivestockproductionisanimal
husbandry and breeding. Agriculture is linked closely to the agribusiness. Under
agribusiness,theupstreamanddownstreamagriculturalsectorsareunderstood.Agri-
cultureexploitsplantandanimalrawresourceswithinputsfromtheupstreamareas
(feed, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, etc.). These raw resources are
processedand“refined”indifferentwaysinvariousstagesofthefoodproduction.In
the grocery food trade—both in wholesale and retail—these products are usually
distributedbymeansofmodernmarketingmethodsthroughtotheultimateconsumers
offoodproducts(includinglocalmarkets).Meanwhile,thissystemisaugmented,at
leastintheEuropeanUnion,throughregionaldirectmarketingbythefarms/agricul-
tural operations themselves. Moreover, it is of crucial significance for a conceptual
1Regulation(EC)178/2002oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil28January2002laying
downthegeneralprinciplesandrequirementsoffoodlaw,establishingtheEuropeanFoodSafety
Authorityandlayingdownproceduresinmattersoffoodsafety[2002]OJL31/1,art3no1.
2For example, see the concept of traceability in Regulation (EC) 178/2002 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and
requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down
proceduresinmattersoffoodsafety[2002]OJL31/1,art3no15.
3See for example, the definition of food law in Regulation (EC) 178/2002 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and
requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down
proceduresinmattersoffoodsafety[2002]OJL31/1,art3no1.
4 I.Ha¨rtelandD.Ren
understandingofAgriculturalLawthatagriculturestandsinareciprocalrelationship
withtheenvironment,orratherwiththeecologicalresources.4Ononehand,agricul-
tureshapesnatureandtheenvironmenttoaconsiderabledegreeandcanalsoleadto
harmfulenvironmentaleffects(e.g.contributingtoclimatechange,airpollution,soil
andwaterpollution,biodiversityreduction).Ontheotherhand,agricultureasprimary
production is itself—for food security—dependent on a balanced ecosystem. Envi-
ronmentaldamagecanevendepriveagricultureofitsproductionbase.Agricultureis
itself affected by harmful environmental effects like no other economic sector, for
example, by air pollution from traffic or by land use for settlements, industry and
transport. Firstly, EnvironmentalLawapplies ingeneral to agriculture and itsenvi-
ronmental effects, and secondly, to agriculture’s especially tailored environmental
law. The protection of ecological resources from agriculture and for agriculture is
directlyrelatedtoguaranteeingfoodsecurityandfoodsafety.Thus,Agri-FoodLaw
alsoincludesenvironmentallaw,particularly,asagriculturalenvironmentallaw.
In the multi-level system of law, the protection of natural resources and food
securityforpeopleareimportantobjectives.Theprincipleofsustainabledevelop-
mentandthehumanrighttofoodplayaspecialroleasafundamentallegalanchor.
Asamainmodel,sustainabilityaimsatthepreservationofthesystemic-ecological,
eco-economic,theeco-social,andthereforeexistential,basisoflife.Thissecuring
of the natural basis of life is the requirement for which an economic and social
development can take place at all.5 The principle of sustainability serves as an
optimization guide for legal application in an interpretation of rules as well as a
balancing and discretionary directive.6 Furthermore, it functions as a lawmaking
mandate7—also as an element of well-ordered laws.8 Even if no subjective right/
fundamental right of the individual can be derived from the principle of sustain-
ability,suchdoesindeedexistwithinthecontextofhumanrights,inparticular,the
humanrighttofood,towaterandtodevelopment.9
1.1.2 The Right to Food as a Global Normative Basis
for Agri-Food Law
The most recent (legal-political) response of the world community to the global
challengesofsecuringtheRighttoFood10canbefoundinparticularin“The2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development”, which was adopted on 25th September
4Ha¨rtel(2012a),§31recital26.
5Kahl(2008),p.10.
6Monien(2014a),p.60ff.;Kahl(2008),p.10.
7Monien(2014a),p.63f.
8Forthiswell-orderedlaw,seeHa¨rtel(2012b),§19recital3and4;Ha¨rtel(2006),p.19.
9Kahl(2008),p.12.
10ForthefollowingseeHa¨rtel(2016),p.15ff.