Handbook for radio engineering managers

938 Pages·1980·22.958 MB·English

by  James F Ross

Handboofko rR adio
EngineerMiannga gers
J. RFo.s s
BSc(EnFgI)R,E E(AuMsItE)(,A usAtF)A,I M
Butterworths
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foromrb ya nyme anisn,c lupdhiontgo copaynidrn egc ording,t hwweir tihtoptueetrn m ission
oft hceo pyrihgohltda eprp,l icfaotwrih oincs hh oubleda ddrestsote hdPe u blisShuecrhs .
writpteernm issioanl sbmoeuo sbtta ibneefdo arneyp arotft hipsu bliciasts itoonr ead
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retriseyvsatloe fm annayt ure.
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Preface
Thnee efdoe rx celilnre andecineog inmeaenraigneghm aensne tvb eerem no re
importthaainntit s t od.aT yhed iffimcaunlatg aenrtdie aclh npircoabll ems
whihcahvc eo mpouansadr eedso uftl htae p pliocfha itgiahodlnvy a tneccehd­
nolotgomy aj oprrj oecatnosdp eraftaicoinilanilvt oihleivsgci hon sgpt r,o fitable
operattiigohnt, schsepdeucliefishc,ia gtprhioi owgnesisrtd,,r isnagfeeptnryto ­
cdeureetxsr,e cmoem epixltayn d envicroonnsmiedneftroaaclatu tisto ennst ion
ont hmea nm osrte spofnostrih beslioerl ·u tiroande-intogh iein nmegae nrager.
Fodre catdheeesn gianceceertp htreeo dl e of technihcea l expert whereby
analtyhsteee dc hpnriocbaallse smi tgohn iemd parnedp aaf ruendc tional design
fosro luotfit ohpner oebm.lH owerv,ie nm orree cteinmte hsa bshe ec ome
closienlvyo ilnvt ehmde a nagedmeecnitms aikoinpn rgo ceTshsere esq.u ire­
menotfms o snte wwo krsp rjoecotrss y stem oopfefarce arht oiaiostcn otes h e
acttioob net akaenned c onocmoimcp asrtiusdocinoe bsset,n esfittu dies and
evaluoaftt hiaeol nt erfnoartamini v mepso rrteasnpto nosfti hbeein lgiitnye er.
Heh atsot akteh eisnet o aicnrc eocuonmtm etnomd ainnagg etmhceeon utr se
ofa ctwihoinsc hho buelf do leld.o w
Thper acotfi creea ndgiiionn hegae rsre acahh eidgsh t antdharrodu tghheo ut
woralndtd h re_ adpeivde loopfm emnatn y nenwaltyih oafbnsoes red mnue ed in
nos mamlela est uotr hsek oifl lr eandgiioin ne eersst ianbtleiarsnnehdaxi ltn egr ­
nal commuenmipclaotsyiuiocnfnhgas c ialsib trioeasd ctaeslteivaningsd,i on
radcioom munipcaarttilioyicn nuts lh caear oseft hlea ttbeorra dobfma incdr o­
wave rrealldaiiynoa k nsed a rsttha tsiaotnes lylmsitsTte.he de e saingednc ono­
mipcr ovisainoodnp ienrgao tfti hoenfs aec irleiqtuitiehrsaee p sp liocfa tion
efficmiaennatg etmeecnhtn ainqmdua ensey n gisnh aeveeerx pretshnseee edd
foarb oowkh ich smreivtegh hdetu p aulr poofasp er acticahla nrdebfeoroekn ce
foprr actriacdeiinnogg i anneadet retsxb ooks tfourd ents.
Inp repatrhiinsg Hanadubtomhoaokkr ne toshc lea tioom ir ginoaftl hiet y
sujbemcatt itnet rht ee .xI thta bse en pdarraftwrlnoy m puabnludin sphuebd­
lished orfme acnomyraj doosrgr aniosnaspt,ati rly tfrhoeemx perioefn ces
othaenrpdsa t rlfyr otmh aeu thoowrrn'e sc oarneddxs p eriinre andceienosg in­
eersipnagn mnoirntegh afno rty Nyoae tatreshm.apb ste emna dteod ewailt h
the teacshpneoiccfdta esls aingmdne asuroermt ehtneht e orseitdoiefc al
manageamneodgnr atn isaastt hieaosrnaee l rewaedclyol v eirnaem du ltiotfu de
exceplulbelnit.c ations
Thec ontaennadtr rangoefm estnuhtebe cj mta ttheasr cbheoesnae fnt er
considerable tahnocduo grhrte,s pwdoiinstcdchoeu lnslcseebia uogttnuh ees
maitna shkab se etnh see lection of ewshsieicnnshto irtae la diinlfyo rmation
avaitlota hbaelv ee reanggei tnheeeex rt,e unssoiefev xea mpplheost,o garnadp hs
cassteu dtiaekfser no ms irteuaalat ntidho ceno sme psrsoifto hne isneats oi ngle
volumheab.se eInt diinsvtiioSdx ee cdt eiaocSnhes c,t ion bewiintgh icno mplete
itself.
TheF irSsetc tcioovneM rainnagg eamneOdnr tg anidseaawtliistpo hrnj o ect
managepmrjeoencctot,no ,tlp rrjoepcrtoa gmrmidnegs,pi rgoangm rmepsl,a nning
antde nsdcehre sdtualegexe tse,ar nnidan rltn epalla pnrto gmreassmi,it nes talla­
tioannc do nsttir,oPu nEcRT/tCeocshtn tirqeuanendsa ,lp yrsoicdstu,ia vnidt y
efifcein,ce yngiinnbegue drgceotssta,in ondrg g iasna.t ion
PREFACE
EngineEecroinn,ogt m hye sSeeccotniidsco onn,c eprrniemdaw riitlhy
economica nicdnh p oaircteiw ciutelhca orn osmtiucdc iaepsi,t amla icno­sts,
tenaanncdoe p eractoisnrtges t,i rdeempernetc,ai nadit nicolnwu odrekse d
exampprleepsfa orerec do nocmoimcp apruirspoons es.
SafePtrya cceat,s i ujbeocfct o nsidiemrpaobrtltoeta hnreca ede inog ineering
manearcg,o mprtihtsehe iSsr edc t.Ti homena itno paircpesh iloasnopdpl hayn s,
starfefs ponsaiibadinslfd ai tctiiieleelisse,,c atnrrdia cdeaiqlou ipment, mechani­
capll arnatd,i ahtaizoamnra disn,t eonfma anscatens td o wedress,i gfnoirn g
safetiyn,s taolfle aqtuiiopnam nepdn lta pnrto,it oe,nac ntidn staalnlda tion
constrhuacztairodns .
Thfeo uSretchtd ieoanl sF iwriieRntsa h dI inos talcloavtefiirroihenna sgz ards,
organiesqautiipoamnne,bdn u ti lddientgesca,tn ifdoa cnsi le,il teicsethroicck
hazatrhdtesr ,a nsfporrombelre m,h alziaglrhidtgsnh,ipt nrngoi tnegac ntdi on
includsetsu odciffiae rssaee tts r ansmsittattaiinnosdgnt su dios.
The importoafnE tn viferaotnuAmrseepnseit cnRat alsd Einog ineaerrei ng
outliinnS eedc t5i.Fo ena tucroevsei rnecdlr uedlei ability, performance of
matearniedaq lusi pcmoernrto,fs aliiuoronefs,s t rucetnuvrierso,on bmleingtaa­l
tioinnms a satn tdo wdeers aignrnda dfiroe qusepneccytm raunma gte.m en
Thfien aSle ctcioovneS rpiencgi fiacnaCdto inotnArsda mcitn isctorvaetriso n
specificiantcilouendxsia,nm gpo lfte ysp ircaadelin og insepeerciinnfgsi ,c atio
inspeacntadic ocne ptteasantnccsdeo ntardamcitn ins.t ratio
Althomuagnohyft hper acmteincteisto hnreodu tghhbeoo uowtke rdee ve­
lopfoerdl arogrme e disuimpz reo joersc ttast tihomene st haord,we sh esne n­
sibalpyep ldei,q uavlallyuf aoborlt ehs emra lwloerrak nsd sfmoarl l stations
witohn lafey w t echpneioc.paT llhe ceo ntarnmodal n ageomfaep nrjtoe fcotr
addinnegsw t au odrai no additional lfoower x paomhwpaelasrel ,lt ransmitter
thoep erafteiaotn-uaarlnme dos so-tft hdei fficulbtuiielasdm -iuonlfgt imillion
poulnodn hga urla diocommruenlinaceyat twhioiorgpnkho , w ienrt ernational
broadcsatsattciionomgnp elaerxst,th a tsiaotnes lylsiteteteAmc l .st oh e blyo ss
fidruete o i nadepqruoatteec tali oopwno woecfro mmerbcrioaald cast or
televtirsainoscnma ibntej t uesrct r iapstp ol simana gbl uls ianste hsleso o sfas
strartaedgiiocc ommupnoismcta aybt eti oao m nisl igtraorSuyap fe.pt rya c­
ticteosao,r,j e u asistm porattasa mnatsl tla atasi taol na rge stsaotmieo n where
hundmraebyde se mployed.
Acknowledgements
Thibso ocko unlodt bheaevwner itwtietnht ohugete necroo-uosp earnadt ion
assisotfaa l nacrnegu em beirn doifv aindodur aglason ni.sMs yaa tpiproaches
werneoa tl wafyrsuu ilat ntfdh miask tehsde e bIot w teo t howsheko i nsdulpy­
pliiendf ormdatatadi,ro anw,ai nnpdgh so togarltalhgp erha estr eT.o l iaslwtlh o
havceo ntriibnufotremdaa tniadoc nk noewe laecidhng diviwdouuablledal y
formitdaasbkls eob muietn divaindodur aglasn ihsaavbteei eopnna sr ticularly
heluplaf nIde xprtehsastn okt shf eo liln:og w
R. AJko.ry ,d AJl.l, e yW.B eaLWl.. s ,H era,d BB.e yDMe..rV .,B rapmton,
r:.
R.J B.u rwrs,o.KW .B ythaeyDw,.A .C art,Mh .e wCCh.a dcwk,Ti .R .C hap,m an
D.C lfi,Jf. A .C ufefly, MrDsa vM,i. e DJse.r eGk.Si .D,o rBr.R, .E vnasN,.
EvnasR,.W .F alkeerJngD.b,. F ar,lJ e.yF Tin.,Kc .h FEi.te zrlgadM,.F ord,h am
LeFoo rsAt.Me .Fr o,ew lr,S F.Dul .t,o nAG.bi bRWs..,A .G ol,d DI.G. o rd,o n
H.G .G raWn.t ,GG r.a h,a mRG. unrWe.Lr .,GA r.bu b, GB.H. a mmo,Cn .Md .
HarrRi.Es ., H Ae.d lMeiysR,so semHaeriyn Fri.cH heI,n. s cSh.Hko ew,a rth,
A. JEo.h Jn.sK, a nTe., KJe.o gAh.K, e rnR,. K lBo.s e(,B uEd.) IM.a lone,
EdgTa.Mr a rtBi.Mn .M, c GowKa.An .M, c eLoAd.,J M .e ncRe.Dl .L, .M itchell,
A.M ontgo,Fm .e rMyJu.l lMi.nJ s.M ,ur ri,Ce .W .N ettJl.Ae .O, ' Shannassy,
R.H.O wenJ,. OzEo.Ll .Ei .Pn asew,yl C,.H .P ie,rL c.Ce .P rid,Ph .am HN..
RichaJr.Cd.Rs o,b erJtusloRinou,ssC s .S, a vLi.Dn .,S ebiTr.Se e,l lWn.Ge .r ,
ShapGl.We y.S, h aGw.,S hheeprAda,r Sohnle toJnH. , S hrraR,d.B e .S iegele,
C.J .So uttWe.rS ,tn afoHr,.Dd . SJte.en vW,. SEt.e vKe.n TsWe,.m plLe.t on,
Tuerk,V aAr,.eB y.GJ .W. eb b,E . WJi.lnk si,oR nosWsi lns,Bo. WDo.o drow.
Thea ssisotfta hnfeco el loowrignagn iisgsar tfaiutoleanlcsyk nowlfoerd ged
thseu ppolfi yno frmtia,od nrawidnagtasana,d l csoop yrainpgdrh itvp ahtoet o­
gra:p hs
AustrFailrPiera ont eAcst,sMi noenl bnoeAu;ur strGaolviearnnP muebnlti shing
Ser,vC iacnebeArursat;r Taellieamcnuo nmicaCtoimomnis,s M seilobnourne;
AmalgaWmiartee(ldAe ussLstdt .,S) y denyB;r itBirsoha dcCaosrtpionrga tion,
Lond;Bo rnitSitsahn dIanrsditsoi, ntL uotnd;Bo rnowBno vearniCd o .L dt,
BaednB;r owBno v(eArui.s P)tt Lydt ,Ad edleaC;ie ntErlaelc tGreinceirtayt ing
Boa,rL dond;Co onllRiandCsio om p,aD nayal;slC onuscttriNoenwL so,n d;o n
ContinEelnetcatMlr ftognC iocD.sa, ls lD;ae partomfLe anbtao nrId n dustry,
Minne;Cs oomtmaonwEexapletnrthia Bmlue ilSdtiantgNi oornRty,hd ; Ce SIRO
DiviosfBi uoinl RdeisnegHa irgcthhE;e m tbaosfJs ayp Caann,b eErnrgian;e ering
Newse-cRo,Nr edwY orkE;u ropBeraona dcUansit,oBi nrnugs FsaeErla ss;t
BroadcCaosO.tk,ii wnnagaF; i re PrAostseoiccot,iLn iaootnnd; Go KnNB uilding
anEdn gineAelredixrna;igGn aP,,O L onodn;J apTarna Cdeen ,tM reelbo;Ju arnn e
KopeCca,m ePrraeL sdtsL, o nodn;J ohDne wSatru dEidoisrn,gb; Jhu ohFnar ifax
SonSsy,d n;Ke eyvrPohno togsrP atLpyth ,idP eerKtChR;,GC edRaarip ds;
&
KHQ-6TSVp,o kaKnTeH;I -FTaVr,;gM oiniosftP ruyb Bllidcag nsWd o rks,
LonodnN;a tiFoinrPaerlo teAcstsiooocnniB ,ao tsi;tP oangCeo mmnuications
EngirnsWe,ae shtio;nnP gagCeo mumnicaEtnigoinnsPe teyLrd ts,S ydney;
PhlicPoe,n nsayR;lo vcaknwIienltle rnDaatliSlooanusaAt;lfh ,r iBcraonaa sdtcing
ACKNOWELDGEEMNT
Cor,pJ nohannesburAgs;s oSctoiafaAnt udisaaotlrnrNid oashr,S t ydn;Se yyndi­
catIinotne rnLaotnido;Ton hnaeIl n,isu tttioofEn n ginAeuesrtsrS ayldin;ae ,y
ThMe arconi LCto.dmC,ph aenloymr; sd fTAhdev ieesrrAt,d eild;aTe heA ge,
Melbo;uT rhnee CoMuar,iBi lreirs ;bT ahneMe inneaSptoalri-sM inneapolis
Truinb,eM innei;asT phoeSl undMaay,i A ldeild;aeT heV oiocfeA merica,
WashoinnU;gn titSetdaI tneofsr matSieocr,nevW iashoinnU;gn titSetdao tfe s
AmerSitcaan dIanirsutdettsN, ewY orkU;SA iFro r,Wc aeshoinnU;gS At rmy
StratCeogmimncui catCioomnmnsad F,o rHtu acchaUu;S D epartomfe nt
Comme,rW caeshoin;nU gStD epartomfDe eenftn, sW eashoinnU;gS tN avy,
Washoin;nW gMtT-TCVe,d Raarip d;Ws ormaBlrdo( sA usPttL.yt) ,d Sy;d ney
WSM-TNVa,s lh.ev il
Ia mp articiunldaertboltp yeu db liasnhadeu rtsha ocrksn owlientd hgee d
ReferaennRdce ea dliinsfgto psre rmitsoqs uieoofr tno mc opyrmiagthetr ial.
Secti1o n
Managemenatn d
Organisation
Introduction
No jmoarra deinog inpereeorcjictna gbn e p ropienritltey,iod arc arrtioae d
succecsosmfpull,ew tiitohnaoduetq ucaotnesr iatdieofoi nt s teacnhdn ical
econormaimcitf iioTcnhasee.m ergoefen ncgei nmeaenraigneagmsa ne enects sary
featoufpr ree senbtr odaadyct aesltenivn,riga s,di ioociocmamtauinnrodan d ar
planniinnstgtoi,an, lm laainteannaodnp rceaet iporneoacjlta snt,dh aed option
oft he tesmyassp proianpc lha ocfte h fero meurin ta pprotaopc rho blems,
refltehcreta spd iedv eloopfmm aennatg esmceineatns ac nee cesrsaadriyo
engineernien.g discipli
Thien isttiaaoglfae n sy pernotjraeeicslte faerbacishlis,it tuyd ye caonndo mic
evailou,ana nttdh emsuesb tec arriiendd e pobtueohtfr aed ceistiopo rno ceed
irse ac.Ih nte hdSiesoc tnii,it as s sutmhetadht pe r ojheabcset ep nr ovtoeb de
viaabnltdeh paots isttievpets ob eat rakete onw airtidsms p letmoienn.t a
Preocjmta nagefmreotnmht pi osi onntw awridblsecl oncewrintehd initiation
oft hpel annidnegs siatgnandeg setsa,b loifcs ohnmtesrntotal ffissnu,gp ervision
oft hceo ntract owro riaknn sodtt ahlelra atfcirttoeiiinsnvp g,ile a nning for
commissainodun litnighm aantdeo voeprae trtiaonn gdm aintesntafan.fc e
Alalc tivaistsioecwsii attahe p dre ocjmtu ts folloaw l ogisceaqlu ence.
Decismiuosbnters e acahtte hde arpipatrtioemap enc do mpemtaennatg ement
durtihneega rsltyaw gieelssl t aabs loiusbnhsad if soa rls lu bsesqtueeMpnastn. y
difficduelicts imoanyhs a vteob em addeur itnhgee a rplhya asnetdsh tee mp­
tattioop nr ocweietsdho mferg amenotfs ptrhoej aettc htee x pense of the
develoapnmadep nptl iocfma atniaognce ornicaselhp otbuselr det sei.ds
Prograomfm idnaeglt lpa lialn ndiseniggc,no ,n storniu,nc sttiaalnlda tion
commissaicottnii,ieve nsisegpc itahlnele ycs eacsroy- ordbientawteieonn building,
civmielc,h aenlieccaatlnr,rdi a cdraieloq uiremmaenpnyrtj ose ciotbsfse ,c oming
evemro riem porwtiatinhnt c resai,szc ieonmgxpi ltaeyn tdh e demtainmdei ng
schedulest ola aprmpguleli tcia-bdlrieas deciniogp ilnipenrejeore ticsOn.nsg u ch
jobitsm ayb en ecestsoha arvsyetf a ffduelvlyot tope rdo graamnmadis nsgo ­
ciatreeds osucrhceend gou fle inginemearnipnogaw,ne dpr l arnets ources.
Soufnidn acnocnitairlnso elc esfosrsa urcsycs efpurlo jmeacnta ge.Tm heen t
organimsuastptir oonv idaep prraionap ctoesc to ntsryosltt eopm r ovide
acceu,rua ptt o dcaotisento f rmatTihoisnsy. s tneemet dohs i ghfilniagnhtc ial
problaessm osoa nsp ossfiobrl em anaatgteoemnneR.tne itg urleaarle issttii­c
matoefst hceo tst oc ompltehwteoe r akrsae l snoe cestsopa rroyvt ihdee
ovefirnaalnlcc oinatrlre oqelud i.r
A souonrdg aniissfanu tdiaomnet nott haselu ccoefas nspy r ojwehcett her
itb en ewwo rmka,i nteonroa pnecrea At sioounnsd.l yo rgbaansiepsdla atni on
enabclheasni gnse tsa ftfe aconhldnot goby e m adaest he anreiepsdae rst,i cu­
lartlhyo cshea nagsesso cwiiattehex dpi aon.nTs heo rganimsuashttai voen
stabilciothye isanion ordndt eoer n scuororerp awtoer ksiont gha,t e fraftlosl
ardei retcotweaadrc dosm mon objective.
3
Chapter
1
ProejctM anagement
Wea rlei viinn aga gone fi ncirnesgap seciail_inas laeltn igoinnd eiesrciinpgl ines
antdh tirse inlsdi kecloyn ttaionn tduo ei ntye.nT shrieaf deinog ineer chal­
lenbgyel da ragnemdro rceo mpplreoxjt eacsitkcs so r nofnwtietadch o ntinuing
streoafpm o tendtfiifailpclruyol bta lnetdmh se irasep aramnoeuefndott r h e
appliocfas toiumonendt hionde sn ginmeaenreaimgneg.Wn itthtohuuets o ef
moderrand einog inemearniangget meecnhtn tihqeeun egsi wniealellrm ost
certbaeif nalcwyei dts hh ortfalalc hbieetvawenempdeer nnom tgm reaT.h oel d
trandaiiltn itoupirtaicvwtehi icpcelhsa hceeadrv eyl ioanen xcpee rmiuetsn ce
givwaey ctaol curleaatasenodldn o gFiucr.t ohre,wer imtrha piaddlvya ncing
technaonlwdoi gtiyhn, c irnesgai saznecd o mpiltoeyfxm anrya deinog riinnege
prjoectthsi,s reexlpeevriaissnee tnl cdaeov mabi llea.
Projmeacnta geemmebnrta pcleasn npirnogg,r ampmriongcgro,ern so,tsl
instiao,lcn loamtmissainoodpn eirngao tfi sottnthoai en s,y stefma coiarln idt y
ino rdteocr a roruyt p rao groafm mweeo ffcriik enetcloyn,ol mlaiync tdao a
tigshcdth ue,lm eanagemmuesbntept r ovwiidtemhd e aaon fas s sembling high
qualiintfyo rmbasateuidpo onmn e asurreamtethnhetaer ns tiamnafdta ec ilities
fosrp eeadniallyyt shiiinnsgfo romnaT.th iiinsse ceysi snoa rrdteopr r ovai de
realpirsotgircia nm mfeti hrpesl taa cnetd o p rovaicdceu irnaftoer moant ion
thper ogorrse tsasot fu swt ohrek toq ueiencffakeb cltaeic vtteio bo ent aken
idfe vioactciuorns .
FUNDAMENTOAFPL RSO GRAMMMAEN AGEMENT
Whednei csihoabnse emna dteop rocweietadph r joce,ti itns ecetssoa reyn sure
thatw otrhke b weci alrlro iuietntd h wea yc ontemwphleatnth eeesd t tiem,a
scheodrut leeenrw d as moau,dta en tdh aalttl hi et eamnspd r ocweisblsele s
complweittethdhit eni mael loawnewddi tthhieenx pendpirtouvfriroed, e di n
thbeu dgAe ptr.o griatsmh meer reefoqrueti oer nesdtu hrtaeht v ea riporuos­
cesasrefoesl lotwherdo auspg lha nannetddh r ea otfep rogarbseu sdsg,,ei tse d
beiancgh i.e ved
Thce ondiotfci oornnatsfc otmr o slta rrgaede inog inpereorjirenecgqt usi re
thattht ee ndseurbemraip trso grwaimtmtheht ee ndTehrpe.r ograamnmde
tensdheorbu elcd o mptiolgheeeditr n;d ieiteds di f fictuol tur nsdtheaoniwdit s
possfoirb lttehe en dteobr ueirul pad c omtpietpirviweci et haop urto grea.m m
Thoeb joeftc htpe r ogriasms mtheoos w i mapnlcdyl etahreelxy p ected position
of wtohkre faitx teidmf ersot mh tei mtehc eo ntrtaackpteoossr s eosfts hieo n
si,tt oe ttihmteeh s ey sitcseo mm misasnihdoa nnedodev deI rtf.h e programme
ass ubmiwtitttehhd te e ndneorat c celp,ett hapeba rtsiheosuc loednr tf o
is.
enaabglree etmobe enr tesa chaep dr oogmnre aw,mi tfhi naaclc epotfta hnec e
4
PROJECTM ANAGEMENT
tendbeerid negp enodnet nhttee ndewrielrl'isann gadnb eisltsiom teyet th e
condiotfti hoceno sn t.r apAcr stopecctoinvter wahcoit suo nrs ympaotrh etic
uncor-aotpaietvt ehsi i mporsttaawngoteu ld pbreoy bematob rlseyoa ,f ter
thceo nthraabsce te ne dp.l ac
Thea doptoifpo rno grammamnea getmeecinhqtnu persio dveasv aluable
methoofsd e ttdionwtgnh leo gsiecqaule naccet iavonifodt f si heosn wgti heir
inter-reilnaa f toirsomutn iasbhfliomepro nitoTrhfienun dga.m emnetaanli ng
ofp rogrmaamnmaeg eimste hnceto mmiucnatoiffo cant psr,o bliedmesa,s ,
procetsismeeels e,m aennrdte ss ouIrntc hecisos.m nmiucoanqt,ui tainitnsyo
substfiotqruu ttaeyla i,n pdr oper iccoamtimiseuo snnt abolnilsyh eadw hen
respiosne sveo; ki enod thweorr dmso,ntr ioinigsv aluuenllecesossrs tr ievce
actrieosnfu rloti.mts
All ptahretc ioensc ewrinttehhd pe r ojmeutcs t bceo mmittott ehoden e
promgmre.aI t owtfielbnlei nb rooaudt lindeur iftnohgere amy rs ltaogfteh se
projaencdt b wedi elvle laonpde de xwpiatnthdihsefni dr ameawspo rrokg ress
ism adCee.ar itsnc heddautlweeish l alv eb ert eov idsunergdti hdee velopment
ofa p rograanmtdmh emi usts b ed oniena c onterdmo alnlnTehrpe.r oject
masptreorg rwaimblmelec otmoelo a ragnetd o coo mptlobe exu sebdye very
ogranisaantdpie orns on awsisttohhc peir aot.jeT edhc emta stperro gramme
shoutlhdeo rrebefe b rokdeonwi nn tsoi mfpidle firomfso drfi efrelnetvo efl s
manaegne,atm nadl fsoosr p aelciiospeetdri aoinnts h vea riporuosjp ehcats es.
Ino rdteopr r odsuicmep lpirfoigerdat mhsmece hse,dd autsleheso buela dn alysed
inr elaotdrieovrfei mprotanicnet,r otdhuceco inncge fpitro srotdfs e erc,o nd
ordaenrtd h iorrdds ecrh eddautlees .
Thfeo llofwnuidnagm epnotiaonlftp sr ojmeacnta geamreoenfp t a rticular
imptoarn:c e
(aP)r ogrmaamnmaeg epmreoncte rdeuqrueai sr hedi egghor fed ei scibpyl ine
alpla rtinid eessci imoann kgiG.e nearcacle potfta hnnece ee de fffoerc tive
progrnagam nmmdio nintgto hrrioutghhleofi euo tf ptrheoecjw ti ilmlp ose
ad isciupplominan nea geamneednn tg indeceeirosiniansr.g,sd h oeunlsdu re
thper oipnetre gorfta htveiao oruniss e ctiinotnearle sts.
(bP)r e-pprloajneancnitsdn t gu dmiuesbstep erfoirnsm ufefidc dieepnattn hd
ina dequtaitmeet hmea stperro graismt mobe er easornelaaibs.l tyi c
if
(cA)d equfalteiexl iimbtutys bbeui litn ttohm ea stperorg rsaomt mhetat h e
mosetf feucstieism v aed oeft hree sourcetso t hapevr aipinalclai balned
thceo ntorrasc.t
(dS)t anednagridn pereorgirnaghm amvleeis m ivtaelduv ei eoiwftn h iem port­
ancoeft hneo snt-anadsapreodcfm t asnr ya odp irjoects.
(eT)h per ocefdoumrro ensin tgwo orripkr ogarneedsx sp endsihtouubrleed
simipfliiend otrhdametar n ageamte lnaetlv clea lbnses uppwliittehhd e
appraotapemr oituo nfd elta. i
DESIRAABTLTER IBUOTFAE P SR OGRAMME
Anyp rogrmaamyhm aev teo mboeid fideurdi intglfs ieb eucsaoefu nforeseen
problaenmtdsh u,es oefm odeprrno grmaamnmaeg etmeecinhqtnu measyn ot
alwahyeslt poo bvitahtepesr elo ebmNse.vt ehreltehsemssa,en agetmeecnht­
niqsuheosub leod fv aliunde e dciintghb ee sctor usoef actbieto ank ietfno .
anwdh esnu cphr obalrse,eima snt dh sitsr entghtjehu esntsi ffiotcrha eutisireo .n