Handbook for Blast Resistant Design of Buildings

486 Pages·2010·24.54 MB·English

by  Donald O. Dusenberry

Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design of Buildings
Edited by Donald 0. Dusenberry
Copyright 0 2010 by John Wiley & Inc. All rights reserved.
Sons,
HANDBOOK FOR
BLAST-RESISTANT
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
HANDBOOK FOR
BLAST-RESISTANT
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
Editedby
Donald O. Dusenberry
JOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.
Tomywife,Alice
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Handbookofblastresistantdesignofbuildings/editedbyDonaldO.Dusenberry.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-17054-0(cloth)
1. Building,Bombproof. I. Dusenberry,DonaldO.
TH1097.H362010
693.8(cid:3)54–dc22
2009019203
ISBN:978-0-470-17054-0
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xv
Contributors xix
I DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS 1
1 GeneralConsiderationsforBlast-ResistantDesign 3
DonaldO.Dusenberry
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 DesignApproaches 4
1.3 TheBlastEnvironment 5
1.4 StructureAsanInfluenceonBlastLoads 6
1.5 StructuralResponse 8
1.6 NonstructuralElements 9
1.7 EffectofMass 10
1.8 SystemsApproach 12
1.9 InformationSensitivity 13
1.10 Summary 14
References 15
2 DesignConsiderations 17
RobertDucibellaandJamesCunningham
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 ANewParadigmforDesigningBlast-ResistantBuildings,
Venues,andSites 18
2.3 ABriefHistoryofRecentTerroristAttacks 21
2.3.1 Terrorists’UseofExplosives 21
2.3.2 Vehicle-BorneImprovisedExplosiveDevices 22
2.3.3 Person-BorneImprovisedExplosiveDevices 24
2.3.4 LocallyAvailableExplosives 25
2.3.5 SomeCounterterrorismConsiderations 27
2.4 CollaboratingtoAnalyzeRisk 28
2.4.1 Step1—ThreatIdentificationandRating 28
2.4.2 Step2—TheAssetValueAssessment 31
2.4.3 Step3—TheVulnerabilityAssessment 34
v
vi CONTENTS
2.4.4 Step4—TheRiskAssessment 38
2.4.5 Step5—ConsideringMitigationOptions 39
2.4.6 TheContinuingRoleofRiskManagement 40
2.5 ConsequenceManagement 42
2.5.1 ConsequenceEvaluation 44
2.5.2 FunctionRedundancy 48
2.5.3 BuildingLocation 51
2.5.4 BuildingDispersal/DistributionofFunctionalPrograms 54
2.5.5 DisasterRecoveryandContingencyPlanning 56
2.6 ThreatReduction 57
2.6.1 AccidentalExplosions 59
2.6.2 IntentionalExplosions 60
2.7 VulnerabilityReduction 63
2.7.1 StandoffDistance 64
2.7.2 PhysicalSecurity 65
2.7.3 OperationalSecurity 65
2.7.4 StructuralDesign 65
2.8 RiskAcceptance 70
2.8.1 DesigntoThreat 71
2.8.2 DesigntoBudget 73
2.9 SomeRecentExamplesofSecurityDesign“BestPractices” 75
2.10 RelatedPhenomena 76
2.10.1 ProgressiveCollapse 77
2.10.2 DisruptionofEvacuation,Rescue,and
RecoverySystems 79
2.10.3 AttendantFires 81
2.11 SecurityDesignConsiderationGuidelines 83
2.12 Conclusion 84
References 85
3 PerformanceCriteriaforBlast-ResistantStructuralComponents 87
CharlesJ.Oswald
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 BuildingandComponentPerformanceCriteria 88
3.3 ResponseParameters 91
3.4 EmpiricalCorrelationsbetweenResponseParameters
andComponentDamage 95
3.5 ResponseCriteriaDevelopment 99
3.5.1 ExplosiveSafetyCriteria 99
3.5.2 ResponseCriteriaforAntiterrorism 102
3.5.3 ResponseCriteriaforBlast-ResistantDesignof
PetrochemicalFacilities 105
3.5.4 BlastResistantDoors 107
3.5.5 Blast-ResistantWindows 109
CONTENTS vii
3.5.6 ResponseCriteriaforEquivalentStaticLoads 112
3.5.7 ComparisonsofPublishedResponseCriteria 113
3.6 ResponseCriteriaLimitations 114
References 116
4 MaterialsPerformance 119
AndrewWhittakerandJohnAbruzzo
4.1 Introduction 119
4.2 StructuralSteel 119
4.2.1 Stress-StrainRelationships 119
4.2.2 ConstitutiveModelsforStructuralSteel 120
4.2.3 ComponentLevelStrainRateandTemperatureEffects 123
4.2.4 MechanicalPropertiesforDesign 125
4.2.5 FailureModesofStructuralComponents 127
4.3 ReinforcedConcrete 129
4.3.1 Stress-StrainRelationshipsforConcrete 129
4.3.2 Stress-StrainRelationshipsforReinforcement 132
4.3.3 ConstitutiveModelingofConcreteandRebar 132
4.3.4 ComponentLevelStrain-RateEffects 136
4.3.5 MechanicalPropertiesforDesign 138
4.3.6 Component-LevelFailureModes 141
4.4 Strength-ReductionFactorsforSteelandReinforcedConcrete 144
References 145
5 PerformanceVerification 149
CurtBetts
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 PerformanceVerification 149
5.3 Testing 150
5.3.1 VehicleBarrierTesting 150
5.3.2 BuildingComponents 151
5.4 Analysis 156
5.5 PeerReview 157
References 157
II BLASTPHENOMENAANDLOADINGS 159
6 BlastPhenomena 161
PaulF.MlakarandDarrellBarker
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 SourcesofBlasts 162
6.3 CharacteristicsofBlastWaves 170
viii CONTENTS
6.3.1 KeyParameters 170
6.3.2 Scaling 171
6.4 PredictionofBlastParameters 172
6.4.1 HighExplosives 172
6.4.2 BurstingPressureVessels 177
6.4.3 VaporCloudExplosions 178
6.5 Summary 181
References 181
7 BlastLoading 183
PaulF.MlakarandWilliamBounds
7.1 Introduction 183
7.2 EmpiricalMethod 183
7.2.1 EmpiricalMethod—BasicBlastWaveExample 186
7.3 FrontWallLoads 186
7.3.1 EmpiricalMethod—FrontWallLoadingExample 188
7.3.2 EmpiricalMethod—ObliqueAngleExample 192
7.4 SideWallandRoofLoads 192
7.4.1 EmpiricalMethod—SideWallLoadingExample 194
7.4.2 EmpiricalMethod—RoofLoadingExample 196
7.5 RearWallLoads 197
7.5.1 EmpiricalMethod—RearWallLoadingExample 197
7.6 ConfinedExplosions 198
7.7 Leakage 206
7.8 Ray-TracingProcedures 208
7.9 Summary 212
References 212
8 Fragmentation 215
KimKing
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Debris 215
8.3 Loadings 215
8.3.1 PrimaryFragmentation 216
8.3.2 SecondaryFragmentation 218
8.4 DesignFragmentParameters 226
8.4.1 FragmentFinalVelocity 226
8.4.2 FragmentTrajectory 227
8.5 FragmentImpactDamage 228
8.5.1 FragmentPenetrationintoMiscellaneousMaterials
(THOREquation) 229
8.5.2 Steel 231
8.5.3 FragmentPenetrationintoConcreteTargets 233
8.5.4 FragmentPerforationofConcreteTargets 235
CONTENTS ix
8.5.5 FragmentSpallingofConcreteTargets 236
8.5.6 RoofingMaterials 236
8.5.7 OtherMaterials 237
References 237
III SYSTEMANALYSISANDDESIGN 239
9 StructuralSystemsDesign 241
RobertSmilowitzandDarrenTennant
9.1 GeneralDiscussion 241
9.1.1 SeismicversusBlast 241
9.1.2 AnalyticalMethods 243
9.2 Modeling 244
9.2.1 Systems 245
9.2.2 Materials 246
9.2.3 Members 248
9.2.4 Connections 251
9.3 AnalyticalApproaches 252
9.3.1 P-IDiagrams 252
9.3.2 Single-ElementAnalyses 253
9.3.3 StructuralSystemsResponse 255
9.3.4 ExplicitDynamicFiniteElementAnalyses 255
9.4 ProgressiveCollapse 256
9.4.1 EuropeanGuidance 258
9.4.2 U.S.Guidance 258
References 261
10 BuildingEnvelopeandGlazing 263
EveHinmanandChristopherArnold
10.1 DesignIntent 263
10.1.1 LifeSafety 263
10.1.2 EmergencyEgressandFacilitatingSearch
andRescue 264
10.1.3 CriticalFunctions(ProtectingEquipmentand
BusinessProcesses) 264
10.2 DesignApproach 265
10.2.1 ResponseCriteria 269
10.2.2 StaticversusDynamic 270
10.2.3 BalancedDesign 270
10.2.4 LoadPath 270
10.3 Fenestration 272
10.3.1 Glass 273
10.3.2 Mullions/Transoms 278
10.3.3 FrameandAnchorage 279
x CONTENTS
10.3.4 SupportingStructure 280
10.3.5 OtherPenetrations 280
10.4 ExteriorWalls 281
10.4.1 ConcreteWalls 282
10.4.2 Masonry 285
10.4.3 Steel 285
10.4.4 Other 286
10.5 RoofSystems 289
10.5.1 Concrete 289
10.5.2 Steel 289
10.5.3 Composite 290
10.5.4 Penthouses/Gardens 290
10.6 BelowGrade 290
10.7 ReductionofBlastPressures 292
References 294
11 ProtectionofSpaces 297
MeeLingMoyandAndrewHart
11.1 AreasIsolatingInteriorThreats 297
11.2 StairwellEnclosures 298
11.3 HardenedPlenums 298
11.4 SafeHavens 299
11.4.1 FEMADocuments 299
11.4.2 Multi-HazardThreats 300
11.4.3 DesignRequirementsforProtective
Shelters 301
References 305
12 DefendedPerimeter 307
JosephL.SmithandCharlesC.Ellison
12.1 Goals 307
12.2 Standoff 307
12.2.1 BalancingHardeningwithStandoff 309
12.2.2 BalancingCosts 311
12.2.3 SitePlanning 313
12.3 VehicleControlBarriers 316
12.3.1 CrashTesting 316
12.3.2 CrashModeling 317
12.3.3 Walls 319
12.3.4 Bollards 319
12.3.5 ActiveWedge 320
12.3.6 BeamBarriers 320
12.3.7 Cable-BasedSystems 323
CONTENTS xi
12.3.8 PlanterandSurfaceBarriers 324
12.3.9 Berms,Ditches,andOtherLandscaping
Features 324
12.4 PedestrianControlBarriers 325
12.5 BlastWallsandBerms 327
References 329
13 Blast-ResistantDesignofBuildingSystems 331
ScottCampbellandJamesRuggieri
13.1 Background 331
13.2 Introduction 332
13.3 DesignConsiderations 333
13.3.1 LevelofProtection 334
13.3.2 BlastPressures 334
13.3.3 ShockInducedbytheStructure 335
13.3.4 Equipment/SystemAnchorage 337
13.3.5 PlacementofCriticalSystemsEquipmentand
ControlStations 340
13.3.6 StaffingandBuildingOperations 340
13.3.7 ConstructionofHardenedSpaces 341
13.3.8 HVACandPlumbingSystems 341
13.3.9 ElectricalSystems 344
13.3.10 LightingSystems 346
13.3.11 OtherSystems/Considerations 346
13.4 LoadingCalculation 348
13.4.1 BlastPressure 349
13.4.2 In-StructureShock 352
13.5 Summary 362
References 363
IV BLAST-RESISTANTDETAILING 365
14 Blast-ResistantDesignConceptsandMemberDetailing 365
StevenSmithandW.GeneCorley
14.1 General 367
14.1.1 Scope 367
14.2 FailureModes 368
14.2.1 Flexural 368
14.2.2 DiagonalTension 369
14.2.3 DirectShear 369
14.2.4 Membrane 369
14.2.5 Stability 370