Hand Book of Water, Air and Soil Analysis

123 Pages·2014·1.03 MB·English

Hand Book of Water, Air and Soil Analysis
(A Lab Manual)

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International E – Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in
Hand Book of Water, Air and Soil Analysis
(A Lab Manual)

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SSSSAAAADDDDHHHHAAAANNNNAAAA CCCCHHHHAAAAUUUURRRRAAAASSSSIIIIAAAA
Head, Department of Energy & Environment
Faculty of Science & Environment
MGCGV, Chitrakkot, Satna MP, 485331, India

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Department of Energy & Environment
MGCGV, Chitrakkot, Satna MP, 485331, India

2014
International E - Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in
International E - Publication
427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore-452005 (MP) INDIA
Phone: [phone], Mobile: [phone]

E-mail: [email protected] , Website: www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

© Copyright Reserved
2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in
a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-93-83520-91-4
International Science Congress Association
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PREFACE

This lab manual “Hand Book of Water, Air and Soil Analysis” provides
knowledge and understanding for large as well as small class group of the under
graduate and post graduate environmental science students. These analytical
methods form central building pillar in many environmental studies. The manual
emphasizes basic experimental, skill in student which is quintessential of acquiring
laboratory skills. This lab manual serves two purposes: 1- To provide students with
information necessary to conduct activities and experiment that will enhance their
understanding of environmental science through a hand on approach that cannot be
provided in the lecture class room setting. 2- To function as a modified version of
the traditional laboratory. This lab manual contains three sections- Section-1
contains water analysis, Section-2 air analysis and Section-3 soil analysis methods.
As reflected in the title, I am sure that this manual would bring out the fundamental
experimental procedure in environmental studies and experimentation and would
certainly help the new generation environmentalist as the work would be available
on line.
This lab manual provides the current practices in water, air and soil analysis.
The objective is to transfer knowledge of the subject throughout the world to
person who is interested in environmental study and sanitary technology and
engineering and the person interested in maintenance of water and waste water
facility. Based on my experience in education, I believe our readers benefit from
this lab manual in environmental study.

Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia
Head,
Department of Energy & Environment
Faculty of Science & Environment
MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna MP, 485331, India
Hand Book of Water, Air and Soil Analysis……….. iii
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CONTENTS
S. No. Description Page No.

I- Water Analysis 1
Section –A (Physico-Chemical test)
1. Temperature 2
2. Transparency 3
3. Turbidity 4-5
4. pH 6
5. Conductivity 7
6. Total Solids (TS) 8
7. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 9
8. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 10
9. Total Volatile Solids (TVS) 11
10. Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) 12
11. Fixed Dissolved Solids (FDS) 13
12. Alkalinity 14-15
13. Acidity 16
14. Chloride (Cl-) 17-18
15. Sulphate (SO --) 19
4
16. Fluoride (F-) 20-22
17. Total Hardness 23-24
18. Calcium and Magnesium hardness 25-26
19. Sodium 27
20. Potassium 28
21. Percent Sodium 29-30
22. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 31
23. Total Iron (Fe) 32-35
24. Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) 36-38
25. Nitrite- Nitrogen (NO -N) 39-41
2
26. Nitrate- Nitrogen (NO -N) 42-44
3
27. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 45-46
28. Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 47-49
29. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 50-51
30. Residual Chlorine 52-53
31. Chlorine Demand 54
32. Boron 55-56
33. Total Phosphorous 57-58
Section –B (Biological test)
34. Methods of sampling for MPN test 59-60
35. Total MPN 61-64
36. Feacal MPN 65-66

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II- Air Analysis 67
37. Temperature Minimum and Maximum 68
38. Relative humidity of Atmosphere 69
39. Particulate Matter (PM) 70
40. PM 71-72
10
41. PM 73-76
2.5
42. SO 77-79
2
43. NO 80-82
x
44. Ozone 83-85
45. Ammonia 86-87
III- Soil Analysis 88
46. Texture 89-93
47. Bulk Density 94
48. Specific Gravity 95
49. Moisture Content 96
50. Water Holding Capacity 97
51. pH 98
52. Electrical Conductivity (EC) 99
53. Redox Potential 100
54. Alkalinity 101
55. Chloride 102
56. Sulphate 103
57. Nitrogen (Kjeldhal Nitrogen) 104-105
58. Nitrate 106-107
59. Total Phosphorus 108
60. Phosphate 109
61. Calcium 110
62. Magnesium 111
63. Sodium 112
64. Potassium 113
65. Iron 114
66. Organic Matter 115-116

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Hand Book of Water, Air and Soil Analysis ………… 1
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TEMPERATURE
Object- Determine the temperature of given water sample.
Requirements- Thermometer and beaker etc.
Principle- Relation between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scale-
(cid:1) (cid:5) − 32 R K − 273
= = =
100 180 80 100

(cid:1) (cid:5) − 32 R K − 273
= = =
5 9 4 5

Method- Take the water sample in three different beakers and dips the thermometer in the first
beaker for 2 minutes and notes the temperature in the record file. This process is repeated with
second and third beaker and notes the temperature reading in the record. Calculate the average
temperature with this data.
Observation table-
S. No. Sample description Temperature Average temperature
1.
2.
3.

Result- The temperature of given sample was observed --------0C.
Precautions-
1. Beaker should be clean properly.
2. Bulb of the thermometer not to be touched to the body.
3. Thermometer should be put into the water carefully.
4. Note the reading carefully.

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TRANSPARENCY

Object- Determine the transparency of the water body.
Requirements-Sacchi disc, string, notebook and inch tape.
Procedure- Lower the sacchi disc in water and note the depth (cm) at which it becomes
disappear. Now raise the disc slowly and note the depth at which it becomes reappear again.
Calculation-
Sacchi disc transparency (SDT) cm = A = B / 2
Where A = depth at which sacchi disc disappears (cm)
B = depth at which sacchi disc reappears (cm)
Euphotic limit (cm) = SDT x 2.5
Vertical attenuation coefficient = 1.9 / SDT
Where SDT = Sacchi disc transparency (cm)
Result- The transparency of water body was found ------ cm.
Precautions-
1. Note the reading carefully.

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TURBIDITY (Nephelometric method)
Object- Determine the turbidity of given water sample.
Requirements-Nephelo turbidity meter with sample cells, volumetric flask and amber glass
bottle etc.
Reagents-
(a) Solution I- Dissolve 1.0 gm hydrazine sulphate, (NH ) , H SO in distilled water and
2 2 2 4
dilute to 100 ml in a volumetric flask.
(b) Solution II- Dissolve 10 gm hexamethylenetetramine, (CH ) N , in distilled water and
2 6 4
dilute to 100 ml in a volumetric flask.
(c) 4000 NTU suspension- In a flask mix 5.0 ml of solution I and 5 ml of solution II. Let
stand for 24 hours at 25±3 0C. This result in a 4000 NTU suspension. Store in an amber
glass bottle. The suspension is stable for up to 1 year.
(d) Dilute 4000 NTU stock solution with distilled water to prepare dilute standards just
before use and discard after use.
Method- Calibrate the Nephelo turbidity meter with the 100 NTU suspensions and verify the
setting with a reading on the 10 NTU suspensions. Then thoroughly shake sample, wait until air
bubbles disappear and pour sample into turbidity meter tube. Read turbidity directly from
instrument display. In case the turbidity is going beyond the scale dilute the sample and measure
the turbidity. The dilution factor should be taken into account for the final calculation of the
result.
Calculation-
Turbidity (NTU)= NTU measured/proportion of sample in dilution

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