Microfacies, biostratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Eocene sedimentary successions in the Zagros and Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone (Iran) Mikrofazies, Biostratigraphie und Ablagerungsräume der eozänen Schichtenfolge des Zagros-Gebirges und der Sanandaj-Sirjan-Zone (Iran) der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Banafsheh Almansinia Aus Tehran in Iran i Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 2017/08/02 Vorsitzende/r des Promotionsorgans:Prof. Dr. Georg Kreimer Gutachter: Prof. Dr. F.T. Fürsich Prof. Dr. R. Höfling ii In the name of God iii Statement I hereby certify that the following thesis entitled: "Microfacies, biostratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Eocenesedimentary successions in the Zagros and Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran)" has not yet been submitted for any degree, nor has it been submitted as part of the requirements for a degree to any other university or institution other than the FAU Erlangen- Nürnberg. This thesis is a new and original research study and has been written by me, Banafsheh Almasinia. Any help in the preparation and execution of this piece of research has been properly acknowledged. I also certify that all literature and data sources used in this study are specified in this thesis. iv Abstract Two Eocene sections in the Zagros Mountains and two in Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone of west and cental Iran have been investigated with the purpose to determine the age of the sections based on planktonic and benthic foraminifera, to analyze the sedimentary micofacies, sedimentary environments, sequence stratigraphic pattern, diagenetic processes, stable isotopes (δ18O, δ13C), and to determine the absolute age span using strontium isotopes. Based on foraminifera, the Shalamzar section (446.2m) belongs to the Middle Eocene (Lutetian), the Hamzeh-Ali section (172m) belongs to Upper Cuisian-Lutetian, and the Zefreh section (43m) to the Bartonian and Priabonian. Finally, the Soh section (171m) is Priabonian in age. The former two sections are from the Zagros Mountains, the latter two from the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. The carbonate microfacies consist mainly of mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and occasionally grainstone with a variety of planktonic and benthic foraminifera. Altogether 17 microfacies could be recognized. According to Wynd (1965) six subzones could be determined in the sections, one belonging to the Late Early Eocene (No.46), the other five to the Middle and Late Eocene (49-53). In the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone also siliciclastic facies occur (mainly siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate). For the Shalamzar section a homoclinal ramp is postulated, whereas the Hamzeh-Ali section conforms to a distally steepened ramp. In the Hamzeh-Ali section five depositional sequences corresponding to third-order sea-level fluctuations could be recognized, in the Shalamzar section three, in the Zefreh section two, and in the Soh section three depositional sequences. Post-depositional and diagenetic processes include bioturbation, cementation, dolomitization, silicification and formation of porosities. Based on oxygen stable isotopes paleotemperature values for the Hamzeh-Ali section averaged 28°C and for the Shalamzar section 22°C. Three diagenetic trends have been determined using organic matter: In the Hamzeh-Ali section, most samples were affected by marine diagenesis and a few samples by shallow burial diagenesis; samples of the Shalamzar section were affected by marine to burial diagenesis; in the Soh section most samples indicate shallow burial diagenesis and a few samples meteoric diagenesis. In the Zefreh section, all samples were affected by shallow burial diagenesis. Based on strontium isotope analyses the Hamzeh-Ali section could be chronostratigraphically placed in the Cuisian and Lutetian, whereas the Shalamzar section belongs to the Lutetian. The Zefreh section belongs to Rupelian and the Soh section to the Priabonian—Rupelian. Keywords: Zagros, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran, Eocene, Jahrum Formation, biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, stable isotopes, strontium dating, diagenesis, microfacies v Zusammenfassung In eozänen Schichten des Zagrosgebirge (West-Iran) und der Sanandaj−Sirjan-Zone (Zentraliran) wurden jeweils zwei Profile untersucht. Im Einzelnen wurden die Profile biostratigraphisch mittels benthischer und planktonischer Foraminiferen eingestuft, ihre Mikrofazies wurde analysiert und die Ablagerungsräume, sequenzstratigraphische Muster und diagenetische Prozesse rekonstruiert. Außerdem wurden stabile Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotopenuntersuchungen (δ18O, δ13C) durchgeführt sowie absolute Altersbestimmungen mittels Strontiumisotope. Basierend auf Foraminiferendaten wird das Shalamzar-Profil (446.2 m) in das mittlere Eozän (Lutetium) eingestuft, das Hamzeh-Ali- Profil (172 m) in das obere Cuisium−Lutetium, das Zefreh-Profil (43 m) in das Bartonium und Priabonium und das Soh-Profil (171 m) in das Priabonium. Die beiden erst genannten Profile befinden sich im Zagrosgebirge, die anderen in der Sanandaj−Sirjan-Zone. Die Karbonatmikrofazies besteht vorwiegend aus Mudstone, Wackestone und Packstone, sowie gelegentlich Grainstone. Insgesamt wurden 17 Mikrofaziestypen unterschieden, die eine reiche Fauna aus planktonischen und benthischen Foraminiferen enthalten. Basierend auf einem unveröffentlichten Report von Wynd (1965) konnten sechs Subzonen ausgeschieden werden, von denen eine (Nummer 46) dem oberen Untereozän angehört, die fünf anderen (49-53) dem Mittel- und Obereozän. In der Sanandaj−Sirjan-Zone treten auch siliziklastische Sedimente auf (vorwiegend Siltsteine, Sandsteine und Konglomerate). Für das Shalamzar- Profil wird als Ablagerungsraum eine homoklinale Rampe angenommen, während das Hamzeh-Ali-Profil als distal versteilte Rampe interpretiert wird. Im Hamzeh-Ali-Profil wurden fünf Ablagerungssequenzen, die Meeresspiegelschwankungen 3. Ordnung entsprechen, ausgeschieden, im Shalamzar-Profil drei, im Zefreh-Profil zwei und im Soh- Profil drei Ablagerungssequenzen. Nach der Ablagerung wurden die Schichten bioturbiert. Diagenetische Prozesse beinhalten Zementation, Dolomitisierung, Verkieselung und Bildung von Porenräumen. Stabile Sauerstoffisotope ergaben für das Hamzeh-Ali-Profil durchschnittliche Paläotemperaturen von 28°C und für das Shalamzar-Profil 22°C. Mittels organischer Kohlenstoffuntersuchungen konnten drei diagenetische Pfade ermittelt werden: Im Hamzeh-Profilwurden die meisten Proben von mariner Diagenese beeinflusst, einige auch von flacher Versenkungsdiagenese. Proben des Shalamzar-Profils zeigen den Einfluß von mariner bis Versenkungsdiagenese. ImSoh-Profil wurden die meisten Proben von flacher Versenkungsdiagenese, einige Proben auch von meteorischer Diagenese überprägt. ImZefreh- Profil weisen alle Proben Anzeichen von flacher Versenkungsdiagenese auf.Strontiumisotopenuntersuchungen stellen das Hamzeh-Ali-Profil chronostratigraphisch in das Cuisium und Lutetium, während das Shalamzar-Profil dem Lutetium zugeordnet werden konnte. Das Zefreh-Profil gehört demnach in das Rupelium und das Soh-Profil in das Priabonium‒Rupelium. vi Acknowledgements I want to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Franz Theodor Fürsich (Geozentrum Nordbayern der Universität Erlangen), for his supervision, fruitful discussions, scientific and linguistic corrections, critical review and constructive comments on the manuscript. I am very grateful to him for his kindness and hospitality and for providing many facilities during the progress of my thesis. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Mohammad Hossein Adabi (Shahid Beheshti University, Iran) for scientific guidance with respect to the sedimentary subjects and Dr. Ali Seyrafian (Esfahan University, Iran) for help in field trips and gathering samples. Special thanks to Dr. Seyed Ali Moallemi (Enhanced Oil Recovery Devision, Iran) for identification of sequence stratigraphic patterns and stable isotopes analyses. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Michael Joachimski (Geozentrum Nordbayern der Universität Erlangen) for his critical evaluation of the geochemical aspects of the thesis. Special thanks to my ex-boss Mr. Homayoum Motiei (Retird employee of National Iranian Oil Company, Iran) for helping to define this project and his valuable opinion. Special thanks to Mr. Ebrahim Alavi Taleghani and Dr. Mohammad Ali Emadi (N.I.O.C) for helping me to overcome my job problems. I would like to thank all members of the Geozentrum Nordbayern, especially Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kiessling for his help and cooperation. I also want to thank my colleagues at the National Iranian Oil Company especially, Mr. Ravid Jalali. Finally, I am deeply grateful to my mother (Maryam), my husband (Behnam) and my daughter (Bita) for their patience and cooperation. vii Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Regional Geology ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Geodynamic framework .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Tertiary strata in Iran ................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Stratigraphy of the Zagros area ................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 Hydrocarbon significance of the major geological units of Iran ............................................................... 11 2.4.1 Central Iran ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.2 The Alborz Mountains, northeastern basin, and Caspian Sea ........................................................... 12 2.4.3 The Zagros Mountains ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Tectonic setting of the Zagros Mountains ................................................................................................. 13 2.5.1 Simply Folded Zone ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Collision Zone .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.6 Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone ................................................................................................................................ 15 2.7 The stratigraphic succession of SW Iran ................................................................................................... 17 2.7.1 Palaeozoic ......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.7.2 Mesozoic........................................................................................................................................... 19 2.7.3 Cenozoic ........................................................................................................................................... 21 3 Material and methods ..................................................................................................................................... 22 4 The sections ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Bouldaji section (Hamzeh- Ali Mountain) (co-ordinates: N 31°56'21'', E 51°00'11'') .............................. 23 4.2 Shalamzar section (co-ordinates: N31°59'4'', E50°51'48'') ....................................................................... 26 4.3 Zefreh section (co-ordinates: N 32°54΄55'', E 52°15΄55'') ........................................................................ 30 4.4 Soh section (co-ordinates: N32°28'24'', E51°28'22'') ................................................................................ 34 4.5 Lithostratigraphy columns ........................................................................................................................ 38 5 Diagenesis and cathodoluminescence studies ................................................................................................ 43 5.1 Marine phreatic diagenetic environment ................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Meteoric diagenetic environment .............................................................................................................. 45 5.3 Burial diagenetic environment .................................................................................................................. 45 5.4 Diagenetic processes affecting the Jahrum Formation .............................................................................. 47 5.4.1 Bioturbation ...................................................................................................................................... 47 5.4.2 Micritization ..................................................................................................................................... 47 5.4.3 Cementation ...................................................................................................................................... 47 5.4.4 Neomorphism ................................................................................................................................... 51 5.4.5 Dissolution ........................................................................................................................................ 51 5.4.6 Compaction ....................................................................................................................................... 52 5.4.7 Porosity ............................................................................................................................................. 52 5.4.8 Dolomitization .................................................................................................................................. 55 5.4.9 Fracturing ......................................................................................................................................... 55 5.5 Diagenetic processes in the Zagros area (Shalamzar and Hamzeh-Ali sections) ...................................... 55 5.6 Diagenetic processes in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Soh and Zefreh sections) .......................................... 55 6 Stable isotope analyses .................................................................................................................................... 65 6.1 Methods .................................................................................................................................................... 65 viii 6.2. Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 6.3 Paleotemperature determination ................................................................................................................ 67 6.3.1 Significance of δ18O values .............................................................................................................. 68 6.4 Diagenetic history of carbonate samples studied ...................................................................................... 69 6.4.1 Hamzeh-Ali section .......................................................................................................................... 69 6.4.2 Shalamzar section ............................................................................................................................. 71 6.4.3 Zefreh section ................................................................................................................................... 73 6.4.4 Soh section ........................................................................................................................................ 74 6.4.5 Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone ....................................................................................................................... 75 6.5 Strontium isotopes..................................................................................................................................... 75 6.5.1 Method of study ................................................................................................................................ 75 6.5.2 Age determination based on strontium isotopes ............................................................................... 76 6.5.3 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 77 6.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................... 85 7 Microfacies and sedimentary environments .................................................................................................. 86 7.1 Biofacies types .......................................................................................................................................... 86 7.1.1 Carbonate mudstone (Facies 1) ........................................................................................................ 86 7.1.2 Planktonic foraminifera — operculinid — discocyclinid mudstone to wackestone (Facies 2) ........ 87 7.1.3 Planktonic foraminiferal wackestone to packstone with nummulitids and discocyclinids (Facies 3) .......................................................................................................................................................... 87 7.1.4 Bioclastic wackestone—packstone (Facies 4) .................................................................................. 87 7.1.5 Bioclastic peloidal packstone to grainstone (Facies 5) ..................................................................... 89 7.1.6 Bioclastic (miliolid—coral—corallinacean) floatstone to rudstone (Facies 6) ................................. 89 7.1.7 Peloidal bioclastic (nummulitid—alveolinid) wackestone to packstone (Facies 7) .......................... 89 7.1.8 Bioclastic (small rotaliid—miliolid) peloidal wackestone to packstone (Facies 8) .......................... 90 7.1.9 Bioclastic (imperforate foraminifera) peloidal wackestone to packstone (Facies 9) ........................ 90 7.1.10 Alveolina—Coskinolina—Dictyoconus wackestone to packstone (Facies 10)................................ 91 7.1.11. Orbitolites wackestone to packstone (Facies 11) ........................................................................... 91 7.1.12 Charophyte mudstone to wackestone (Facies 12) ........................................................................... 91 7.1.13 Stromatolitic boundstone (Facies 13) ............................................................................................. 91 7.1.14 Conglomerates and breccia (Facies 14) .......................................................................................... 91 7.1.15 Sandstones (Facies 15) ................................................................................................................... 93 7.1.16 Siltstone (Facies 16) ....................................................................................................................... 94 7.1.17 Red mudstone (Facies 17) .............................................................................................................. 94 7.2 Sandstone petrography of the Soh section ................................................................................................ 94 7.3 Biofacies distribution in the Jahrum Formation of the Zagros Mountains ................................................ 95 7.4. Sequence stratigraphy .............................................................................................................................. 99 7.4.1 Sequence stratigraphy of the Zagros sections (Hamzeh-Ali and Shalamzar) (Figs. 7.3, 4) ............ 100 7.4.2 Sequence stratigraphy of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Soh and Zefreh sections) (Figs. 7.5, 6) ........ 103 7.4.3 Sequence stratigraphic correlation of the Zagros area (Hamzeh-Ali and Shalamzar sections)....... 105 7.4.4 Sequence stratigraphic correlation of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Soh and Zefreh sections) .......... 106 7.4.5 Interpretation of the depositional sequences of the Zagros area ..................................................... 115 7.4.6 Interpretation of the depositional sequences of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone ..................................... 115 8 Depositional model ........................................................................................................................................ 125 8.1 Hamzeh-Ali and Shalamzar sections....................................................................................................... 126 8.2 Soh area (Sanandaj‒Sirjan Zone) ............................................................................................................ 127 ix 8.3 Zefreh area (Sanandaj‒Sirjan Zone) ....................................................................................................... 128 9 Bio- and lithostratigraphy ............................................................................................................................. 130 9.1 Biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene based on Larger Benthic Foraminifera.............. 130 9.2 Stratigraphy of the Eocene sequence ...................................................................................................... 132 9.2.1 Lithostratigraphy of the Jahrum Formation .................................................................................... 132 9.2.2 Biostratigraphic subdivisions .......................................................................................................... 134 9.3. Biostratigraphically defined boundaries of the Jahrum Formation (Zagros) and the Eocene sediments of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone ........................................................................................................................ 140 9.4 SBZ foraminiferal biozonation ............................................................................................................... 142 10 Taxonomy of the foraminifera .................................................................................................................... 143 10. 1 Benthic foraminifera ............................................................................................................................ 143 10.2 Planktonic foraminifera ......................................................................................................................... 171 11 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 199 12 References .................................................................................................................................................... 202 Appendix I ......................................................................................................................................................... 226 Appendix II ....................................................................................................................................................... 234 x
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