Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders: A Clinical and Biological Approach PDF
Preview Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders: A Clinical and Biological Approach
Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders A Clinical and Biological Approach Paolo Brambilla Massimo Carlo Mauri Alfredo Carlo Altamura Editors 123 Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders Paolo Brambilla • Massimo Carlo Mauri Alfredo Carlo Altamura Editors Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders A Clinical and Biological Approach Editors Paolo Brambilla Massimo Carlo Mauri Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Maggiore Policlinico University of Milan University of Milan Milan Milan Italy Italy Alfredo Carlo Altamura Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico University of Milan Milan Italy ISBN 978-3-319-75123-8 ISBN 978-3-319-75124-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75124-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947582 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Presentation Of all patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders, 60–80% experience auditory hallucinations and a smaller proportion visual or other unimodal hal- lucinations. Hallucinations can be dramatic and may have severe impact in affected indi- viduals, and it might be associated with suicidality, violence, and sometimes homicide. Currently, the abuse of substances with psychotomimetic properties, such as cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, ketamine and cannabis, represents one of the main causes of hallucinogen perception disorders. Indeed, the use or the abuse of these substances can result in psychotic reactions, including hallucinations, and can therefore resemble a primary psychotic disorder. In general, the use of drugs has increased during early adolescence, when the developing brain might be especially sensitive to environmental exposures. In particular, the escalating use of metham- phetamine and derivative substances throughout the world and their association with psychotic symptoms in regular users has fuelled concerns. Specifically, the use of cannabis and cocaine by young people has been increasing during these years, and age at first use has dramatically decreased. Cannabis, is indeed the most com- mon illegal substance used in most of the western countries. Indeed, nowadays, about 20% of young people report heavy cannabis consumption (which means a use in more than one hundred occasions) or at least one consumption per week. Several studies suggest a high comorbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia, asso- ciated with higher relapse rates and higher frequency of hallucinations, unusual thought content, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, poorer outcome and reduced treat- ment response. A high incidence of substance abuse and related symptoms, particularly verbal and visual hallucinations, is also observed immediately in first episode psychosis patients. Among substance abusers, in most cases the onset of hallucinations precedes the onset of a structured psychotic episode by several years. Accordingly, hallucinations have traditionally been one of the main treatment targets for antipsychotic drugs and indeed the positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia collectively are far more responsive to these drugs than negative or other cognitive symptoms, although it is not always true. It is impor- tant to outline that psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, may occur in both major (affective and schizophrenic) psychoses and in substance-induced psycho- sis, which are different diseases with diverse clinical trajectory and outcome. The book starts with Part I (Neurotransmission and Psychopathology) by focus- ing on the specific molecular mechanisms involved in substance-induced hallucina- tions. Indeed, there are at least three different pharmacological ways to induce v vi Presentation hallucinations: activation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) with cocaine and amphet- amine-type stimulants, activation of serotonin 5HT2A receptors (HT2ARs) with psy- chedelics, and blockage of glutamate NMDA receptors with dissociative anesthetics. Moreover, it discusses verbal hallucinations as a specific diagnostic symptom charac- terizing the psychopathological picture defined by French literature as “Chronic Hallucinatory Disorder. Finally, it describes hallucinatory symptomatology among substance-induced disorders, major psychoses and neurological diseases.” In Part II (Genetics and Neuroimaging) references to recent genetic, neurochem- ical, and neuroimaging data outlining hallucinations will be discussed. In schizo- phrenia, the relative importance of NMDAR and DRs in the occurrence of 2 hallucinations is still debated. Slight clinical differences are observed for each etiol- ogy. Auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are associated with an impaired con- nectivity of large-scale networks and have a potential genetic basis. To examine the relationship between white matter integrity and AVHs, it has been conducted a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies that compared patients with schizophrenia and AVHs with matched healthy controls (HCs). The meta- analysis demonstrated a reduced fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus (AF) of hallucinators. The current meta-analysis confirmed disruptions of white matter integrity in the left AF bundle of schizophrenia patients with AVHs. The book concludes with Part III (Treatment) on the pharmacology and treat- ment of hallucinations including electric and magnetic stimulation. In fact dysregu- lated cortical plasticity has been demonstrated to underlie the pathogenesis of positive symptoms like auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, can modu- late neuroplasticity. Add-on tDCS has also been shown to ameliorate auditory ver- bal hallucinations in schizophrenia that are nonresponsive to antipsychotic treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests a neuroplasticity modulation effect of tDCS to improve treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Internationally recognized clinical scientists have contributed to this book which, in our opinion, represents a novel and comprehensive contribution to the role of hal- lucinations in major psychoses delineating the state of the art in this area from clini- cal, neurobiological, and therapeutic perspectives. Milan, Italy Alfredo Carlo Altamura Milan, Italy Massimo Carlo Mauri Milan, Italy Paolo Brambilla February 2018 References Altamura AC. Bipolar spectrum and drug addiction. J Affect Disord. 2007;99(1–3):285. Altamura AC, Glick ID. Designing outcome studies to determine efficacy and safety of antipsychotics for ‘real world’ treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(7):971–3. Presentation vii Altamura AC, Mauri MC, Guercetti G, Cazzullo CL. Fluphenazine decanoate in acute and maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1987;11(5):613–23. Altamura AC, Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Caron L, Cumerlato Melter C, Dobrea C, Cigliobianco M, Zanelli Quarantini F. Misdiagnosis, duration of untreated i llness (DUI) and outcome in bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms: a naturalistic study. J Affect Disord. 2015;182:70–5. Altamura AC, Delvecchio G, Marotta G, Oldani L, Pigoni A, Ciappolino V, Caletti E, Rovera C, Dobrea C, Arici C, Benatti B, Camuri G, Prunas C, Paoli RA, Dell’Osso B, Cinnante C, Triulzi FM, Brambilla P. Structural and metabolic dif- ferentiation between bipolar disorder with psychosis and substance induced psy- chosis: an integrated MRI/PET study. Eur Psychiatry. 2016;41:85–94. Altamura AC, Delvecchio G, Paletta S, Di Pace C, Reggiori A, Fiorentini A, Mirabile MD, Paoli RA, Cinnante C, Triulzi F, Mauri MC, Brambilla P. Gray matter vol- umes may predict the clinical response to paliperidone palmitate long-acting in acute psychosis: a pilot longitudinal neuroimaging study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2017;261:80–4. Dragogna F, Mauri MC, Marotta G, Armao FT, Brambilla P, Altamura AC. Brain metabolism in substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: a preliminary PET study. Neuropsychobiology. 2014;70(4):195–202. Fiorentini A, Volonteri LS, Dragogna F, Rovera C, Maffini M, Mauri MC, Altamura AC. Substance-induced psychoses: a critical review of the literature. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4:228–40. Johnsen E, Sinkeviciute I, Løberg EM, Kroken RA, Hugdahl K, Jørgensen HA. Hallucinations in acutely admitted patients with psychosis, and effective- ness of risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone: a pragmatic, ran- domized study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:241–51. Kubera KM, Thomann PA, Hirjak D, Barth A, Sambataro F, Vasic N, Wolf ND, Frasch K, Wolf RC. Cortical folding abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia who have persistent auditory verbal hallucinations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28(2):297–306. Lim A, Hoek HW, Deen ML, Blom JD, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, de Haan L, Kahn RS, Meijer CJ, Myin-Germeys I, van Os J, Wiersma D. Prevalence and classifi- cation of hallucinations in multiple sensory modalities in schizophrenia spec- trum disorders. Schizophr Res. 2016;176(2–3):493–9. Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, De Gasperi IF, Colasanti A, Brambilla MA, Cerruti LP. Substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenic patients: a retrospective study. Clin Pract Epidem Ment Health. 2006;23:1–8. Mauri MC, Di Pace C, Reggiori A, Paletta S, Colasanti A. 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Contents Part I N eurotransmission and Psychopathology 1 Substances of Abuse and Hallucinogenic Activity: The Dopaminergic Pathway - Focus on Cocaine and Amphetamine-type Stimulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Matteo Lazzaretti, Gian Mario Mandolini, Alfredo Carlo Altamura, and Paolo Brambilla 2 Substances of Abuse and Hallucinogenic Activity: The Serotoninergic Pathway - Focus on Classical Hallucinogens and Entactogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Matteo Lazzaretti, Gian Mario Mandolini, Alfredo Carlo Altamura, and Paolo Brambilla 3 Substances of Abuse and Hallucinogenic Activity: The Glutamatergic Pathway - Focus on Ketamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Gian Mario Mandolini, Matteo Lazzaretti, Alfredo Carlo Altamura, and Paolo Brambilla 4 Chronic Hallucinatory Disorder “an Equivalent” of Delusional Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Massimo Carlo Mauri, Silvia Paletta, Chiara Di Pace, Chiara Rovera, Giorgio Marotta, and Alfredo Carlo Altamura 5 Hallucinations in the Substance-Induced Psychosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Massimo Carlo Mauri, Silvia Paletta, and Chiara Di Pace 6 Hallucinatory Symptomatology in Major Psychoses (Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Andrea Raballo, Michele Poletti, and Mads Gram Henriksen 7 Hallucinations in Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Alessio Di Fonzo, Edoardo Monfrini, Paola Basilico, and Andrea Arighi ix x Contents Part II G enetics and Neuroimaging 8 Genetic Basis of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Anushree Bose, Venkataram Shivakumar, and Ganesan Venkatasubramanian 9 Imaging Genetics of Hallucinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Jacqueline Mayoral-van Son, Julio Sanjuan, and Benedicto Crespo-Facorro 10 Dysconnectivity in Hallucinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Branislava Ćurčić-Blake, Josselin Houenou, and Renaud Jardri Part III Treatment 11 Translating Neurocognitive Models of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia into Novel Therapeutic Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Natasza Orlov, Jane Garisson, and Paul Allen 12 Innovative Approaches to Hallucinations in Psychosis and Affective Disorders: A Focus on Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Bernardo Dell’Osso, M. Carlotta Palazzo, and Alfredo Carlo Altamura Contributors Paul Allen Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK Alfredo Carlo Altamura Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Andrea Arighi Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy Paola Basilico Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy Anushree Bose InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India Paolo Brambilla Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA M. Carlotta Palazzo Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy Centro S. Ambrogio, Ordine Ospedaliero San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Milan, Italy Benedicto Crespo-Facorro University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain xi
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