Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics PDF
Preview Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics
Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster and Tokyo D Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Social Sciences Boston, Dordrecht and Lancaster E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York G Ecological Sciences London, Paris, Tokyo H Cell Biology Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 123 Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics edited by: Rui M. Almeida Centro de Fisica Molecular Instituto Superior Tecnico 1000 Lisboa Portugal 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Dordrecht I Boston I Lancaster Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics", Vilamoura (Algarve), Portugal, March 31-April 4, 1986 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics" (1986 : Vila Moura, Portugal) Halide glasses for infrared fiberoptics. (NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences; no. 123) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics", Vilamoura (Algrave), Portugal, March 31-April 4, 1986"--CIP t.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index. 1. Fiber optics--Materials--Congresses. 2. Metallic glasses--Congresses. 3. Infrared technology--Congresses. I. Almeida, Rui M. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organiza tion. Scientific Affairs Division. Ill. Title. IV. Series. TA1800.N367 1986 621.36'92 87-1508 ISBN·13: 978·94-010-8093-4 ISBN-13: 978-94·009·3561-7 001: 10.1 007/978·94-009-3561-7 Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord-Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA Distributors for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Ltd, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LA1 1R N, UK Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands Copyright © 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987 To Professor J.D. Mackenzie ... for his teachings, his encouragement and his help, during the past ten years. Vll PREFACE The field of heavy metal halide glasses (namely fluorides) is only ten years old now, but it has developed rapidly since the discovery of fluorozirconate glasses by the group at the University of Rennes (France). The main reason for this was the early demonstration of the enormous potential of such glasses for use as long-haul ultra-low loss middle infrared waveguide materials, aided in part by the scientific interest held by their unusual short range structures. As a result, significant research efforts were initiated in the academic, government and industrial sectors in Europe, the United States and Japan. However, the search for a finished product has per haps led to a partial overlooking of some of the more funda mental aspects by the scientific community. After the initial excitement, the workers in this field are perhaps at a crossroads where attenuations lower than 1 dB/Km need to be obtained for long lengths of fiber of good chemical and thermal stability, in order to guarantee continual R&D sUE ports. Therefore, there is a strong need for a critical asses sment of the potential of halide glasses for infrared fiber optics and the formulation of recommendations for future re search in this area and other related fields. The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Halide Glasses for Infrared Fiberoptics, held in Vilamoura (Portugal) from March 31-April 4, 1986, assembled a group of 35 experts from four teen different countries. The main results were: a) A critical review by leading experts regarding the state of science, state of development and future needs for these new fibers as of April, 1986. b) An authoritative summary of the future potentials of these fibers and a definition of needs in research and needs in development for the next five years. c) An identification of R&D centers in different NATO coun tries where cooperative research may be done and in which specific areas of work can more efficiently be covered. d) The editing of the present volume in the NATO ASI series, whose publication will hopefully contribute to stimulate interest in this field in other countries. The program of the meeting was organized around seven topics: (1) Raw Materials and Purity, (2) Structure, (3) Ther mal and Mechanical Behavior, (4) Optical Properties of Glasses and Fibers, (5) Fiber Fabrication, (6) Fiber Systems and (7) Other Vitreous Halides. It included twenty seven oral presen tationsand a few poster presentations as well. The organiza- VIII tion of the book followed a similar scheme. I would like to thank the members of the organizing commit tee - Dr. D.C. Tran, Prof. J. Lucas, Prof. J.D. Mackenzie and Dr. D.R. Ulrich - for all their invaluable help during the early stages of the preparation of this meeting. In particular, I am very grateful to Dr. D.C. Tran, the co-Director of the Workshop, for helping me to get the meeting off the ground and for his major contributions with the organizational and finan cial aspects of the Workshop. This would not have been possible without him. I also thank all the session chairmen, speakers and parti cipants for the wonderful job they did. In addition, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to all those speakers who delivered their manuscripts on time, thus helping to render the editing task slightly more bearable. For those who should have been invited to this workshop and, for one reason or another, where not, I take a major share of the responsability and, therefore, I sincerely apologize. I also thank the generous support of this meeting by the following o~ganizations: - NATO Scientific Affairs Division, who provided~ 60% of the funds through its excellent Advanced Research Work shop program. The following U.S. companies, who provided small grants, corresponding to the remaining support: GTE Laboratories, Inc., Corning Glass Works, Owens Corning Fiberglas, SpecTran and Hughes Research Laboratories. Finally, I would like to thank the devoted secretarial help of Manuela P. Nunes, the assistance of Fernanda Serrenho with partial typing of this manuscript and the dedicated orga nizational contributions of Jose L. Grilo and Clara H. GonGalves during the meeting. Rui M. Almeida Lisboa June 1986 IX CONTENTS I. HISTORY The first ten years ................................... . J. LUCAS II. RAW MATERIALS AND PURITY High purity components for fluorozirconate glass optical fibers ................................... 11 M. ROBINSON Chemical analysis of trace impurities .................. 27 P.H. KLEIN Role of impurities in halide glasses ................... 35 H. POIGNANT III. STRUCTURE Vibrational spectroscopy studies of halide glass structure .............................................. 57 R.M. ALMEIDA Diffraction studies of halide glasses .................. 75 A.C. WRIGHT Molecular dynamics simulations of fluorozirconate glass structure ........................................ 119 J .M. PARKER IV. THERMAL AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR Viscosity behavior of halide glasses and melts ......... 139 J.D. MACKENZIE, H. NASU and J. SANGHERA The thermal properties of fluoride glass 149 A.J. BRUCE Structural relaxation in fluoride glasses 163 C.T. MOYNIHAN, S.M. OPALKA, R. MOSSADEGH, S.N. CRICHTON and A. J. BRUCE x Crystallization behavior of fluorozirconate glasses •..•. 179 C.T. MOYNIHAN Physical, chemical properties and crystallization tendency of the new fluoroaluminate glasses ............. 187 T. IZUMITANI, T. YAMASHITA, M. TOKIDA, K. MIURA and H. TAJlMA Surface chemistry and slow-crack growth behavior of fluorozirconate glasses .............................. 199 C.G. PANTANO V. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASSES AND FIBERS Optical properties of fluoride glasses ....... ........... 219 M.G. DREXHAGE Optical properties of rare-earth and transition metal ions in fluoride glasses ...... .... ... ............. 237 R. REISFELD Loss mechanisms in ZrF4 based IR fibres ........ ......... 253 P.W. FRANCE, S.F. CARTER, M.W. MOORE and J.R. WILLIAMS VI. FIBER FABRICATION Fluoride glass optical fibers in France ...... .... ....... 265 H. POIGNANT Progress in fiber preparation in Japan .......... ........ 283 S. YOSHIDA Vapor deposition of fluoride glasses .................... 293 A. SARHANGI VII. FIBER SYSTEMS Waveguide systems development ..... .............. ........ 303 S. YOSHIDA Applications of infrared waveguides in remote gas-spectroscopy ........................................ 315 D. PRUSS VIII. OTHER VITREOUS HALIDES Zirconium-free fluoride glasses 321 J. LUCAS XI Chemical durability of a BaF2-ThF4 based glass .......... 331 D. TREGOAT Transition metal fluoride glasses (TMFG), synthesis, properties, structure .................. ...... 341 C. JACOBONI Chloride,bromide and iodide glasses '" ...... .... ........ 357 J.D. MACKENZIE IX. RELATED FIELDS Halide glasses and chalcogenide glasses for ultra low loss fibre applications - a comparison 367 J.A. SAVAGE Interactions with other fields .......................... 385 D.R. ULRICH SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Glass formation in halide systems ................. ...... 393 G. de LEE DE Preparation of fluoronitride glasses .............. ...... 395 G.H. FRISCHAT and D. AHLF PL measurements on fluorozirconate glasses. ....... ...... 397 M. BRAGLIA, G. COCITO, L. COGNOLATO, M. FERRARIS, G. GREGO, E. MODONE and G. PARISI Concluding remarks ...................................... 399 R.M. ALMEIDA LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 401 INDEX ................................................... 407
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