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HAIMOVICI’S VASCULAR SURGERY To my son Michael Sam and my daughter Andrea Rachel for being the major source of inspiration and happiness. Enrico Ascher, July 2012 Haimovici’s Vascular Surgery EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ENRICO ASCHER Chief of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Lutheran Medical Center; Professor of Surgery Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA CO-EDITORS FRANK J. VEITH PETER GLOVICZKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS KEITH D. CALLIGARO R. CLEMENT DARLING III K. CRAIG KENT PETER F. LAWRENCE GREGORY MONETA JOHN J. RICOTTA 6TH EDITION A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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Ascher, Enrico. III. Title: Vascular surgery. [DNLM: 1. Vascular Surgical Procedures. 2. Vascular Diseases–diagnosis. 3. Vascular Diseases–surgery. WG 170] 617.4'13–dc23 2011048151 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Courtesy of Eraxion/iStockphoto Cover design by Steve Thompson Set in 9.5/12 pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2012 Contents Preface, x PART II BASIC SCIENCE IN VASCULAR DISEASES Preface to the Fifth Edition, xi 8 Hemodynamics of Vascular Disease: Applications to Diagnosis Contributors, xii and Treatment, 127 David S. Sumner List of Abbreviations, xx 9 Atherosclerosis: Biological and Surgical Considerations, 148 Bauer E. Sumpio PART I VASCULAR IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PHYSIOLOGIC TESTING 10 Neointimal Hyperplasia: Basic Considerations, 178 1 Arterial and Venous Duplex Lynn S. Model and Alan Dardik Scanning, 3 11 Therapeutic Angiogenesis, 197 Gregory L. Moneta Bo Liu and K. Craig Kent 2 Duplex Arteriography for Lower 12 Thrombogenesis and Extremity Revascularization, 28 Thrombolysis, 209 Enrico Ascher, Anil Hingorani, and Natalie Marks Takki A. Momin, Robyn A. Macsata, and Anton N. Sidawy 3 Fundamentals of Angiography, 44 13 Etiology of Abdominal Douglas B. Hood and Kim J. Hodgson Aortic Aneurysms, 221 Sartaj S. Sanghera, Anil Hingorani, and 4 Arteriographic Patterns of Martin D. Tilson Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease of the Lower Extremity, 56 14 An Evidence-based Approach Henry Haimovici to Cardiopulmonary Risk Assessment for Vascular Surgery 5 Computed Tomography in Vascular Procedures, 233 Disease, 79 Joel H. Horovitz Aoife N. Keeling, Peter A. Naughton, Frederick L. Hoff, and William H. Pearce PART III BASIC OPEN VASCULAR 6 Magnetic Resonance TECHNIQUES Angiography, 99 April Farley, Javier E. Anaya-Ayala, Mark G. Davies, and 15 Vascular Sutures and Alan B. Lumsden Anastomoses, 243 Henry Haimovici 7 Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging, 112 16 Patch-graft Angioplasty, 253 George Kopchok and Rodney A. White Henry Haimovici v vi Contents 17 Endarterectomy, 259 PART V CEREBROVASCULAR Henry Haimovici INSUFFICIENCY 18 Balloon Angioplasty of Peripheral 30 Medical Management of Carotid Arteries and Veins, 268 Artery Disease, 391 Douglas B. Hood and Kim J. Hodgson Russell H. Samson 31 Carotid Endarterectomy: 19 Stents for Peripheral Arteries and Indications, Techniques, and Veins, 280 Results, 405 Samuel S. Ahn, Carber C. Huang, and Foster A. Hays Bruce A. Perler 20 Thrombolytic Therapy for 32 Eversion Carotid Peripheral Arterial and Venous Endarterectomy, 419 Thrombosis, 301 Jorge Rey, Sean P. Roddy, and R. Clement Darling III Michael B. Silva Jr, Charlie C. Cheng, and Lorraine Choi 33 Carotid Stenting: Indications, PART IV OPEN SURGICAL EXPOSURE OF Techniques, and Results, 427 ARTERIES Tejas R. Shah and Peter L. Faries 21 Exposure of the Carotid Artery, 317 34 Cerebral Protection Devices During Carotid Stenting, 437 Henry Haimovici Amit R. Shah and Evan C. Lipsitz 22 The Vertebrobasilar System: Anatomy and Surgical Exposure, 320 35 Vertebrobasilar Disease: Surgical Management, 448 Enrique Criado and Ramon Berguer Enrique Criado and Ramon Berguer 23 Trans-sternal Exposure of the Great 36 Nonatherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Vessels of the Aortic Arch, 324 Disease, 456 Calvin B. Ernst Gary R. Seabrook 24 Extrathoracic Surgical Exposure for PART VI AORTIC AND ILIAC ANEURYSMS Distal Revascularization of Brachiocephalic Branches, 331 37 Indications, Techniques and Henry Haimovici Results of Open Repair of Ascending and Transverse Aortic 25 Open Surgical Exposure of Upper Arch Aneurysms, 475 Extremity Arteries, 338 Hazim J. Safi, Anthony L. Estrera, Roy Sheinbaum, and Henry Haimovici Charles C. Miller III 26 Transperitoneal Exposure of 38 Hybrid Repair of Aortic Arch Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Arteries, Aneurysms, 486 351 Gustavo S. Oderich and Adam H. Power Henry Haimovici 39 Endovascular Management of 27 Retroperitoneal Exposure of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms Abdominal Aorta, 360 and Dissections, 504 Calvin B. Ernst Donald T. Baril and Michel S. Makaroun 28 Retroperitoneal Exposure of 40 Open Repair of Thoracoabdominal Iliac Arteries, 366 Aortic Aneurysms, 517 Henry Haimovici Joseph Huh, Scott A. LeMaire, and Joseph S. Coselli 29 Open Surgical Exposures of Arteries 41 Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic in the Lower Extremity, 372 Aneurysms, 533 Henry Haimovici Colin M. Brady and Elliot L. Chaikof Contents vii 42 Endovascular Repair of Infrarenal 54 Visceral Artery Aneurysms, 690 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, 554 Matthew J. Dougherty and Keith D. Calligaro Jeffrey Hnath, Manish Mehta, Yaron Sternbach, John B. Taggert, and R. Clement Darling III PART VIII LOWER EXTREMITY OCCLUSIVE 43 Fenestrated and Branched Stent AND NON-OCCLUSIVE Grafts for the Treatment of ARTERIAL DISEASE Complex Aortic Aneurysms, 565 Joseph J. Ricotta II 55 Acute Arterial Occlusion of the Lower Extremities, 703 44 Endovascular Treatment of Kenneth Ouriel Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic and Iliac Aneurysms, 582 56 Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease, 710 Frank J. Veith and Neal S. Cayne David C. Brewster 45 Open Surgical Treatment of Isolated 57 Endovascular Treatment of Iliac Aneurysms, 590 Aortoiliac Artery Stenosis and Henry Haimovici Occlusions, 736 Jeanwan Kang and Christopher J. Kwolek 46 Endovascular Grafts in the Treatment of Isolated Iliac 58 Infrainguinal Arterial Disease, 749 Aneurysms, 594 John Byrne, R. Clement Darling III, and Frank J. Veith Todd L. Berland, Frank J. Veith, Karan Garg, and 59 Bypasses to Plantar Arteries Neal S. Cayne and Other Branches of Tibial 47 Infected Aortic Grafts: General Arteries, 761 Considerations and Techniques, 602 Enrico Ascher and Frank J. Veith Taylor A. Smith and G. Patrick Clagett 60 Role of Surgical Options for Critical 48 Para-anastomotic Aortic Lower Limb Ischemia, 767 Aneurysms: General Considerations Frank J. Veith, Neal S. Cayne, Nicholas J. Gargiulo III, and Techniques, 612 Evan C. Lipsitz, and Enrico Ascher John J. Ricotta 61 Adjuvant Surgical Techniques for Limb Salvage, 776 PART VII VISCERAL VESSELS Robyn A. Macsata and Anton N. Sidawy 49 Surgery of the Celiac Artery for 62 Endovascular Treatment of Occlusive Disease and Arcuate Infrapopliteal Arteries, 786 Ligament Syndrome, 627 Peter A. Schneider, W. Austin Blevins, and Juan Carlos Jimenez and William J. Quinones-Baldrich Nicolas Nelken 50 Management of Acute and Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia, 639 63 Popliteal Artery Aneurysms, 801 Natalia O. Glebova and Julie A. Freischlag Javairiah Fatima and Peter Gloviczki 51 Endovascular Treatment of 64 Endovascular Treatment of Mesenteric Occlusive Disease, 653 Popliteal Artery Aneurysms: The Role of Stent-Grafts and Carlos F. Bechara and Peter H. Lin Thrombolysis, 811 52 Renal Artery Revascularization, 664 Alik Farber and Tze-Woei Tan Keith D. Calligaro and Matthew J. Dougherty 65 Duplex-guided Balloon Angioplasty 53 Renal Artery Fibrodysplasia and for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Renovascular Hypertension, 680 and Aneurysmal Disease, 821 James C. Stanley and Jonathan L. Eliason Enrico Ascher, Natalie Marks, and Anil Hingorani viii Contents 66 Extra-anatomic Bypasses, 832 77 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Enrico Ascher, Frank J. Veith, and Kapil Gopal Syndrome and Pectoralis Minor Syndrome, 981 67 Infected Extracavitary Prosthetic Richard J. Sanders Grafts, 845 78 Venous Thoracic Outlet Keith D. Calligaro and Matthew J. Dougherty Syndrome, 997 68 Popliteal Entrapment and Chronic Peter F. Lawrence, Hugh Gelabert, Brian G. DeRubertis, Compartment Syndrome: Unusual and David A. Rigberg Causes for Claudication in Young Adults, 852 79 Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 1004 William D. Turnipseed Frank J. Veith and Juan Carlos Jimenez 69 Lumbar Sympathectomy: Current 80 Upper Thoracic Sympathectomy: Indications and Techniques, 860 Conventional Technique, 1015 Ali F. AbuRahma Henry Haimovici 70 Nonatherosclerotic Diseases of 81 Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy, Small Arteries, 873 1023 Henry Haimovici and Yoshio Mishima Igor Brichkov and Jason P. Shaw 71 Intraoperative Assessment and Postoperative Surveillance of PART XI ARTERIAL-VENOUS Vascular Reconstructions, 898 MALFORMATION, ACCESS FOR Gustavo De Jesús-Gómez and Dennis F. Bandyk HEMODIALYSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION PART IX VASCULAR TRAUMA 82 Arteriovenous Fistulas and Vascular Malformations, 1035 72 Vascular Trauma, 909 Peter Gloviczki, Audra A. Noel, and Larry H. Hollier Ramyar Gilani, Asher Hirshberg, and Kenneth L. Mattox 83 Vascular Access for Dialysis, 1060 73 Ankle and Foot Fasciotomy for Andres Schanzer and Harry Schanzer Compartment Syndrome of the Foot, 928 84 Portal Hypertension, 1078 Enrico Ascher Ian C. Carmody and John C. Bowen 85 Endovascular Treatment of Portal 74 Post-Traumatic Pain Syndrome: Hypertension, 1095 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, 932 Yosef Golowa and Jacob Cynamon Ali F. AbuRahma and Albeir Y. Mousa PART XII VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS PART X UPPER EXTREMITY VASCULAR DISEASE 86 Clinical Application of Objective Testing in Venous 75 Vasospastic Disease of the Upper Insufficiency, 1109 Extremity: Primary Raynaud’s John J. Bergan and Warner P. Bundens Syndrome, 949 Gregory L. Moneta and Gregory J. Landry 87 Varicose Veins, 1121 Jose I. Almeida and Jeffrey K. Raines 76 Arterial Surgery of the Upper Extremity, 962 88 Superficial Thrombophlebitis, 1131 Rodeen Rahbar, Richard F. Neville, and Anton N. Sidawy Anil Hingorani and Enrico Ascher