Habraaca Waxqabadka Heer Dugsiga Ee Horumarinta Xirfadaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka PDF
Preview Habraaca Waxqabadka Heer Dugsiga Ee Horumarinta Xirfadaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka
Ministry of Education USAID/ READ CO Habraaca Waxqabadka Heer Dugsiga Ee Horumarinta Xirfadaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka The READ CO Project Launched in January 2015, the USAID-funded Reading for Ethiopia’s Achievement Developed Community Outreach (READ CO) is a four-year initiative to increase access to grade-level appropriate reading materials, provide children with opportunities to practice reading, and strengthen parental and community engagement in support of children’s learning to read. This initiative supports the national READ Program effort to address the learning needs of 15 million primary grade students in seven (7) Ethiopian Languages (Amharic, Afaan Oromoo, Sidaamu Afoo, Af-Soomaali, Tigrinya, Wolayttatto and Hadiyyissa). READ CO is implemented by Save the Children and its regional NGO partners Amhara Development Association (ADA), Tigray Development Association (TDA), Adult and Non-formal Education Association of Ethiopia (ANFEAE), the Organization for Welfare and Development in Action (OWDA) and the Save the Children South Hub (in SNNPR). Ministry of Education Reading for Ethiopia’s Achievement Developed Community Outreach (READ CO) Cooperative Agreement No: AID 663-A-15-00003 Habraaca Waxqabadka Heer Dugsiga Ee Horumarinta Xirfadaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka September 2016 DISCLAIMER This Manual was produced with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development through USAID/Ethiopia READ CO, under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-663-A-15-00003. This Publication was prepared by Save the Children. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Acknowledgements This manual was developed in consultation with experts nominated by the MOE, RSEBs, ZEDs and USAID/ READ CO. Financial support for development of the manual was provided by USAID, and technical support and contributions were provided by the MOE and READ CO. These experts developed the Working Manual for Master Trainers Training, Trainings of Level one and Level Two for /USAID/READ CO target schools and community. The manual is also used as a reference while implementing the school level and community level reading and writing activities. READ CO would like to thank all those who participated in this important effort. READ CO is grateful to each participant who shared their knowledge and skills’, dedicating themselves to helping schools and communities to support children’s reading, writing, speaking, and listening in their Mother Tongue languages. The Manual Development Working Group Abera Mekonnen, SCI Education and Youth Head Belainesh Woubshet, USAID /READ CO, Reading Materials Specialist Belayneh Woldemariam | USAID/READ-Community Outreach Regional Program Manager Carol DeShano da Silva (Dr.), Senior Advisor, Basic Education, Save the Children USA Elias Ermias, USAID/READ CO Inclusion Specialist Helen Boxwill, USAID/READ CO, International Reading Consultant Mark Hamilton (Dr.), USAID/READ CO, COP Mulugeta Deressa, USAID/READ CO, Community Outreach Specialist Oumer Mohammed, SCI Education Program Specialist Suadik Hassen, USAID/READ CO, COP Tizazu Asare, SCI Education Head Reviewers MOE SIP, and Mother Tongue and English Language Development Directorates, READ CO Local Languages Consultants, READ Core/Master Trainers READ CO and Partners USAID/READ CO Team,TDA Team,ADA Team,ANFEAE Team,OWDA Team Designers Asegid Senbu,Meskerem Eshetu, Netsanet K/Mariam Tusmada Buugga Hordhac �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1� kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2� Goobta Akhriska �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 3� Iskaaga ee Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka Dugsiga ��������������������������������������������������������������������7 4� Buugta Akhriska Dheerig ah ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 5� Taageerada waalidiinta iyo bulshada ee dhinaca waxqabadyada ee heer dugsi ������������24 Lifaaq ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 Hordhac Habraacan waxaqabadka heer dugsi waxaa loogu talagalay inuu caawiyo xubnaha iskaagata ee akhriska iyo qoraalka dugsig, macalimiinta luuqaddaa afka hooyo dhigta iyo ardayda si uu ardayda uga caawiyo sidii ay u baran lahaayeen xirfadaha akhriska iyo qoraalka� Waxaa kale oo uu ka caawinayaa sidii loo hogaamin lahaa loona taageeri lahaa waxqabadyada dugsiga si joogta ah halkaas oo ay iskaaga iyo macalimiintu ay hawshan ka ciyaarayaan door aad muhiim u ah�Habraacani waxaa kale oo uu caawinayaa maamulayaasha iyo ku xigenada dugsiyada, kormeerayaasha iyo ururka waalidiinta si ay u taageeraan hindisaha wax akhris ee dugsiga� Habraacu wuxuu ka kooban yahay Shan qaybood oo waawayn� Waxayna kala yihiin: 1� Kooxaha Akhriska iyo Qoraalka, 2� Goobta Akhriska, 3� Kooxaha Iskaagata ee Akhriska iyo Qoraalka Dugsiga, 4� Buugta akhriska dheeriga ah 5� Taageerida waalidiinta iyo bulshada ee waxqabadyada heer dugsi� 1. Kooxaha Akhriska iyo Qoraalka Kooxaha Akhriska iyo Qoraalka waa bar kulan ay ardayda dhigata fasalada 1-4 yeeshaan si ay uga qayb qaataan waxqabadyada akhriska iyo qoraalka� Qaybtani waxay ka sii kooban tahay saddex ciwaan hoosaad: a. Hadafaka kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka b. Ka qaybqaatayaasha kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka c. Maamulida kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka 2. Goobta Akhriska Goobta akhrisku waa meel ka mida fasalka� Halkaas oo la dhigo buugta akhriska dheeriga ah ee luuqadda afka hooyo�waxay si kooban u sharaxaysaa waxyaabahan soo socda: 6 Hadafka goobta akhriska –maxaa loo abaabulay� 6 Maamulida goobta akhriska – sidee baa loo maamulayaa� 6 Yaa isticmaalaya goobta akhriska ujeedaduse maxay tahay? - Ka qaybgalayaasha iyo wixii ku soo kiciyay� 6 Dabagalka isticmaalka goobta akhriska – dabagal ku samaynta waxaqabdyada iyo fulintooda� 3. Iskaagata kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka dugsiga Dhalin yarada iskaa wax u qabso( iskaagata) ee akhrisku waa shaqsiyaad ka mida bulshada kuwaasoo dhamaystay waxbarshada fasalada 10-12 oo awooda inay wax qoraan waxna akhriyaan sidoo kalana xiisaynaya inay hogaamiyaan kana taageeraan bulshadooda waxqabadyada dhinaca akhriska� Da’doodu waa 16 jir iyo wixii ka sareeya waana inay noqdaan kuwo siman labka iyo dhadiga laga xulanayo dugsiga sidoo kalana waa in tixgalin la siiyaa xubnaha laxaadka ala’� Qaybtan waxaa lagu soo qaadanayaa doorka iskaagata, qaabka xulashada, xeelada shaqo qorista, nidaamka shaqo qorista iyo waxyaabaha lagu dhiirigalinyao iskaagata� Habraaca Waxqabadka Heer Dugsiga Ee Horumarinta Xirfadaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka 1 4. Buugta Akhriska Dheeriga ah buugta akhriska dheerigu waa buug wax barasho kuwaasoo loogu talagalay in looga faa’iidaysto akhriska laguna tababarto� Buugta akhriska dheeriga ah waxaa loo qaybiyaa buugta akhriska ee ardayda akhrin karto, buugta akhriska ee qiyaasan (ku haboon) iyo buugta akhriska ee loogu talagalay in ardaydu kor loogu akhriyo)� Buugtan waxaa diyaariyay mashruuca READ CO iyo mashariicaha iyo barnaamijyo kale� Cutubkan waxaynu ku eegi doonaa baahida ay bulshada iyo dugsiyadu u qabaan buugta akhriska dheeriga ah, goobta buugta akhriska dheeriga ah, muhiimada ay u leeyihiin kobcinta akhriska iyo qoraalka, siyaabaha ardayda, macalimiinta iyo xubnaha bulshadu ay isticmaalayaan buugta akhriska dheeriga ah iyo xeeladaha buugta akhriska dheeriga ah looga qaybgalinayo habka baris barasho� 5. Hawlgalinta waalidiinta iyo bulshada ee heer dugsi Hawgalinta waalidiinta iyo bulshada waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu muujiyo doorka xubnaha waalidiinta ama buslshada ay sida tooska ah ugu leeyihiin ama kaga qaybqaataan daryeelka iyo kobcinta carruurta marka laga eegayo waxyaabaha carruurta laga rabo dhinaca dugsiga� Waxay ka caawinayaan carruurta sidii ay kor u qaadi lahaayeen xirfada akhriska ee carruurta iyagoo la hadlaya, u akhriyaya, la ciyaaraya carruurta una diyaarinaya waxyaabaha iyo qalabka ay u baahan yihiin si ay uga caawiso waxabarashada carruurta ee dugsiga� Sidaa awgeed waxay u baahan yihiin waalidiinta iyo bulshadu inay helaan aqoon iyo xog la xidhiidha akhriska iyo nidaamka akhriska ee dugsiga si ay u caawiyaan kobcinta akhriska ee carruurta� Habraacan waxaa loogu talagalay inuu hago macalimiinta luuqaddaa afka hooyo, maamulayaasha , kuxigeenada maamulayaasha, kormeerayaasha dugsiyada isku sidkan, iskaagata akhriska iyo qoraalka dugsiga, ardayda waalidiinta iyo xubnaha bulshada ee heer dugsi sidii ay uga caawin lahaayeen ardayda kobcinta akhriska iyo qoraalka ee heer dugsi� Tusaale ahaan: waalidiinta iyo xubnaha bulshadu waxay diyaarin karaan khaanadaha buugta lagu gurto, buugta la akhristo, iyo waxyaabo dhiiri galin ah iyo abaalmarino� Dhiirigalintu waxay noqon kartaa mid lacag ah ama mid qalab ah� 1. kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka 1.1. Maxay yihiin kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalku? Kooxaha Akhriska iyo Qoraalku waa bar kulan ay ardayda dhigataa fasalada 1-4 yeeshaan si ay uga qayb qaataan waxqabadyada akhriska iyo qoraal dugsiga gudihiisa goobtaas oo ay go’aaminayaan gudidaga akhriska iyo qoraalku� Waxa ay ka dhici karaan fasalada hadii ay jiraan fasalo dheeri ahi ama meesha kale ee ku haboon� Kulamada kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka waa in lagu qabtaa meel ay gaadhi karaan gabdhaha iyo carruurta laxaadka la’� 1.2. Hadafyada Kooxaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka Kooxha akhriska iyo qoraalku waa kuwo muhiimad u leh inay caawiyaan carruurta gaar ahaan carruurta la filayo inay dhib ku tahay inay bartaan akhriska iyo qoraalka ee dhinaca ku tababarshada akhriska iyo qoraalka� Kooxahani waa kuwo ka caawin doona carruurta inay wakhtiyada dheeriga baraan carruurta xirfadaha kala duwan ee akhriska iyo qoraalka islamarkaana ka taakuleeya ama ka taageera akhriska iyo qoraalka iyadoo loo eegayo baahiyahooda kala duwan� Ujeedooyinka gaarka ah ee kooxahani waa 6 Inay aqoonsadaan taageerana siiyaan ardayda akhriska iyo qoraalka ku liidata� Tusaale ahaan ardayda waxabarashada ku liito ama damiinka ah� 2 USAID/READ CO 6 In caawiyaan ardayda ka waxbarasho hoosaysa ardayda kale sida gabdhaha iyo carruurta laxaadka la’a akhriska si ay ugu tabababrtaan akhriska iyo qoraalka� 6 Inay ardayda ku xoojiyaan sidii ay u horumarin lahaayeen xirfadaha gaarka ah ee akhriska( tusaale: barashada dhawaaqa xarfaha, codadka, faseexada, eray bixinta iyo fahanka) 6 Inay ku xoojiyaan ardayda sidii ay ku horumarin lahaayeen xirfadooda gaarka ah ee qoraalka tusaale qorida xarafka, kala durjinta qoraalka, astaamaha qoraalka iyo fikradaha qoraalka 6 Inay kor u qaadaan horumarinta xirfadaha akhriska iyo qoraalka ardaydu marka ay dugsiga dibadiisa joogaan 6 Inay wax ka badalaan natiijada akhriska iyo qoraalka ardayda� 6 Inay aqoonsadaan faa’iidooyinka iyo ujeedooyinka kala duwan ee xirfadaha akhriska iyo qoraalka 1.3. Ka Qaybgalayaasha Kooxaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka In laga mid noqdo kooxha akhriska iyo qoraalku waa mid ardaydu xor u yihiin iyadoon la eegayn fikradaha midabtakoorida ee la xidhiidha jinsiyada, curyaanimada iyo qawmiyadaba� Dhammaan ardayda dhigata fasalada 1aad ilaa 4aad waa ay ka mid noqon karaan kooxahan� Kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalku waa inay noqdaan kuwa loo dhan yahay dhinaca sinjiga( 50% waa inay noqdaan gabdho)� Sidoo kale waxaa muhiima in laga qayb galiyo ardayda gaar ahaan kuwa akhrisku dhibka ku yahay iyagoo ka mid noqonaya kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka� Hogaaminta kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka (sida lagu qeexay nidaamka maaraynta ee kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka) waxay la shaqayn doonaan macalimiinta si ay u ogaadaan ama u aqoonsadaan carruurta uu akhrisku dhibayo iyagoo adeegsanaya xeeladaha la isla qaatay in lagu saleeyo akhriska� Hadaba xeeladahaasi waxaa ka mida kuwan hoos ku qoran: 6 In la beegsado dhammaan carruurta dhigata fasalka koobaad een lahayn wax khibrada ama aqoon ka hor inta aysan dugsiga iman 6 In la beegsadao carruurta aan la filayn inay xirfadaha akhriska natiijo fiican ka keenaayaan dhamaadka sanad dugsiyeedka� ( tusaale aqoonsashada xarafka, dhamaadka fasalka koowaad, akhriska faseexda � 35-55 eray inay ku akhriyaan hal daqiiqo dhamaadka fasalka labaad) 6 In la beegsado lana soo bandhigo carruurta akhrisku dhibka ku yahay ee ay ugu wacan tahay ( Tusaale : kuwa ku nool nolol faqiir ah ama hoosayso iyo kuwa ay cadahay inay nafaqo yaraani haysato ) 1.4. Maaraynta kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka Maamulayaasha dugsiga, macalimiinta, dhalin yarada iskaag oh, ardayda iyo gudiga akhriska iyo qoraalka ayaa maamulaya� Xubnaha gudigu waxay noqonayaan 5-9 xubnood� Waana inay xubnahan gudiga maarayntu noqdaan kuwa labka iyo dhadigu isu dheeli tiran yihiin� Sidoo kalana ay ku jiraan xubnaha laxaadka la� Doorka iyo masuuliyada ay leeyihiin gudiga maaraynta ee kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalku waa sidan hoos ku qoran: 6 Inay qorsheeyaan maamulaana waxqabadyada kooxaha 6 Inay gudigu qabtaan kulamo joogta ah� 6 Inay isku xidhaan waxqabadyada kooxaha ee dugsiga iyo bulshada Habraaca Waxqabadka Heer Dugsiga Ee Horumarinta Xirfadaha Akhriska Iyo Qoraalka 3 6 Inay la shaqeeyaan macalimiinta luuqadda afka hooyo si ay u sameeyaan shuruudaha lagu xulanayo carruurta ay haysato halista ama dhibaato dhinaca akhriska ahi� 6 Shaqaalaysiinta xubnaha iyo saaxiibada ku leh jadwal joogta ah oo akhris ka kooxaha akhriska� 6 Soo abaabulida tartamada akhriska iyo qoraalka iyo abaalmarinta ruuxa guulaysta� 6 Inay taageeraan macalimiinta iyo xubnaha iskaagata ah maadaama ay yihiin kuwa shaqada akhriska iyo qoraalka sida toosk ah u fulinaya� 6 Inay aqoonsadaan baahida gabdhaha iyo carruurta laxaadka la’ kalana shaqeyaan sidii hogaaminta dugsigu u taageeri lahayd carruurtan� 6 Si joogta ah dabagal ugu samaynta iyo taageerida waxaqabadyada xubnaha firfircoon ee gabdhaha iyo carruurta laxaadka la’� 6 In si rubucla ah u qoondaynta kulamada akhriska ee dugsiga� gudiga akhriska iyo qoraalku waxay kulmayaan todobaadkii hal mar�Sida guud waa inay kulmaan saddex (3) jeer sanadkii jadwalka kuladani waxa uu noqonayaa sidan: 6 Bisha Maskerem, in laga doodo qorshaha sanadlaha ee kooxaha 6 Bisha yakaatiit, in naqtiin ama dib u eegis lagu sameeyo horumarka ka soo qayb galayaasha iyo sidoo kale hirgalinta qorshaha 6 Bisha Sane, in la soo jeediyo warbixintii sanad dugsiyeedka lana qiimeeyo loona qaato in mustaqbalka dhaw horumar laga gaadho dhinaca horumarinta kooxaha� Waxqabadyada khaaska ah ee ka dhacaya kulamada ay yeelanayaan kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka waxaa go’aansanaya xubnaha iskaaga ee kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraala iyo macalimiinta dhigta luuqadda afka hooyo� Ugu yaraan laba xubnood oo ka mid ah gudiga ayaa waxay qabanayaan shaqada maalin laha ah ee kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka� 1.5. Goorma Ayay Qabsoomayaan Waxqabadyada Akhriska Iyo Qoraalku? Kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalku waxay kulmayaan todobaadkii laba jeer, mudo 90 daqiiqo ah taas oo noqnaysa 1 illaa 3 saacadood todobaadkii oo ah wakhtiga ay doorteen cashir bixiyayaashu� Kooxuhu ma imanayaan wakhtiga uu dugsigu jiro ama waxbarshada socoto� 1.6. waxqabada la qabanayo inta lagu gudo jira kulamada kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalka. Kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalku waxa ay diirada saarayaan waa sidii ay kor ugu qaadi lahaayeen khibrad wadaagna u yeelan lahyeen ardayda iyadoo sidoo kale diirada la saarayo ardayda akhrisku dhibka ku yahay� Waxqabadyadani waxay noqon doonaan kuwo diirada lagu saarayo kala duwanaanshaha iyo dib u dhisida shanta (5) qodob ee akhrisku ka kooban yahay ee kala ah: barashada dhawaaqa, xarafka iyo dhawaaqiisa, faseexada, eray bixinta iyo fahanka� Maadaama oo ay mid ka mida ujeedooyinka kooxaha akhriska iyo qoraalku ay tahay sidii ay carruurtu u heli lahaayeen loona kordhin lahaa wakhtiyada ay ku jiraan samaynta waxqabadyada ee dhinaca akhriska iyo qoraalka� Dhamaan kooxuhu waa inay helaan wakhtiyo u qorshaysan oo ay ku akhriyi karaan noocyada akhriska( Tusaale: kor u akhrinta sheekada, isla akhrinta iyo qoraalka)� 4 USAID/READ CO
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