Habits: Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory PDF
Preview Habits: Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory
Habits This book evaluates how the pragmatist notion of habit can influence current debates at the crossroads between philosophy, cognitive sciences, neurosciences, and social theory. It deals with the different aspects of the pragmatic turn involved in 4E cognitive science and traces back the roots of such a pragmatic turn to both classical and contemporary pragmatism. Written by renowned philosophers, cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, and social theorists, this volume fills the need for an interdisciplinary account of the role of “habit.” Researchers interested in the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology, social theory, and social ontology will need this book to fully understand the pragmatist turn in current research on mind, action, and society. FAUSTO CARUANA is Research Scientist at the Institute of Neuroscience of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) in Parma, Italy. He is specialized in social, cognitive, and affective neuroscience with a focus on the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying emotions, empathy, mirror neurons, and motor cognition. ITALO TESTA is Associate Professor in Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Parma, Italy, where he researches critical theory, pragmatism, embodied cognition, social ontology, and German classical philosophy with a focus on the notions of second nature and the theory of recognition. Published online by Cambridge University Press Habits Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory Edited by Fausto Caruana Institute of Neuroscience, CNR Italo Testa University of Parma Published online by Cambridge University Press University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108498449 DOI: 10.1017/9781108682312 © Cambridge University Press 2021 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2021 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data names: Caruana, Fausto, 1979- editor. | Testa, Italo, editor. title: Habits : pragmatist approaches from cognitive science, neuroscience, and social theory / edited by Fausto Caruana, Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Italo Testa, University of Parma. description: First Edition. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. identifiers: LCCN 2020027598 (print) | LCCN 2020027599 (ebook) | ISBN 9781108498449 (hardback) | ISBN 9781108736367 (paperback) | ISBN 9781108682312 (ebook) subjects: LCSH: Habit. | Cognitive psychology. | Neurosciences. classification: LCC BF335 .H33 2020 (print) | LCC BF335 (ebook) | DDC 150.19/8--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027598 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027599 ISBN 978-1-108-49844-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents Contributors page viii The Pragmatist Reappraisal of Habit in Contemporary Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory: Introductory Essay 1 italo testa and fausto caruana Part I: The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits The Neuroscience of Habits 1 Habit Formation, Inference, and Anticipation: Continuous Themes in a Pragmatist Neuroscientific Perspective 41 jay schulkin 2 Habits and Self: A Temporal View 58 georg northoff Habits and Emotions 3 Emotional Mirroring Promotes Social Bonding and Social Habits: An Insight from Laughter 79 fausto caruana 4 Emotions, Habits, and Skills: Action-Oriented Bodily Responses and Social Affordances 100 rebekka hufendiek Habits and Skills 5 What the Situation Affords: Habit and Heedful Interrelations in Skilled Performance 120 katsunori miyahara, tailer g. ransom, and shaun gallagher v Published online by Cambridge University Press vi Contents 6 Swim or Sink: Habit and Skillful Control in Sport Performance 137 massimiliano l. cappuccio and jesús ilundáin-agurruza Part II: The Enactment of Habits in Mind and World Habits and the Background of Action 7 The Backside of Habit: Notes on Embodied Agency and the Functional Opacity of the Medium 165 maria brincker 8 Habit, Ontology, and Embodied Cognition Without Borders: James, Merleau-Ponty, and Nishida 184 jonathan mckinney, maki sato, and anthony chemero Habits, Intentionality, and Language 9 Clarifying the Character of Habits: Understanding What and How They Explain 204 daniel d. hutto and ian robertson 10 Habits, Meaning, and Intentionality: A Deweyan Reading 223 pierre steiner 11 Language, Habit, and the Future 245 elena clare cuffari Habits and Moral Life 12 Moral Habit 264 mark johnson 13 Habits of Goodness: How We Come to Be Virtuous Without Moral Laws 277 teed rockwell Part III: Socially Embeddded and Culturally Extended Habits Habits, Human Development, and Social Practices 14 Growing Minds: Pragmatic Habits and Enculturation 297 richard menary 15 “Habit is Thus the Enormous Flywheel of Society”: Pragmatism, Social Theory, and Cognitive Science 320 stephen turner Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents vii 16 Habit and the Human Lifespan: Toward a Deweyan Account of Aging and Old Age 337 shannon sullivan Habits, Cultural Artifacts, and Aesthetics 17 Habits and the Enculturated Mind: Pervasive Artifacts, Predictive Processing, and Expansive Habits 352 joerg fingerhut 18 Brain, Body, Habit, and the Performative Quality of Aesthetics 376 vittorio gallese Habits, Social Ontology, and Institutions 19 A Habit Ontology for Cognitive and Social Sciences: Methodological Individualism, Pragmatist Interactionism, and 4E Cognition 395 italo testa 20 Social Ontology between Habits and Social Interactions 417 roberto frega 21 Social Reproduction Feminism and Deweyan Habit Ontology 438 federica gregoratto and arvi särkelä Index 459 Published online by Cambridge University Press Contributors maria brincker Department rebekka hufendiek Department of of Philosophy, University of Philosophy, University of Basel Massachusetts Boston daniel d. hutto School of Liberal fausto caruana Italian National Arts, University of Wollongong Research Council (CNR), Institute jesus ilundain-agurruza of Neuroscience, Parma Department of Philosophy, anthony chemero Department Linfield University of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati mark johnson Department of Philosophy, University of Oregon elena clare cuffari Department of Philosophy, Worcester State massimiliano l. cappuccio School University of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New joerg fingerhut Humboldt South Wales University – Berlin School of Mind and Brain jonathan mckinney Department of Philosophy, University of roberto frega Centre Nationale de Cincinnati la Recherche Scientifique - École des hautes études en sciences richard menary Department of sociales Philosophy, Macquarie University shaun gallagher Department of katsunori miyahara Faculty of Philosophy, University of Memphis Humanities and Human Sciences, Hokkaido University vittorio gallese Department of Medicine and Surgery, georg northoff Brain and Mind Neuroscience Unit, University Research Institute, University of of Parma Ottawa federica gregoratto Department tailer g. ransom Department of Philosophy, University of St. of Philosophy, University of Gallen Memphis viii Published online by Cambridge University Press Contributors ix ian robertson Department pierre steiner Deparment of Philosophy, University of TSH-COSTECH, Compiégne Wollongong Technology University teed rockwell Department shannon sullivan Department of of Philosophy, Sonoma State Philosophy, UNC Charlotte University italo testa Department of arvi särkelä Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Philosophy, University of Lucerne Cultural Industries, Philosophy Unit, University of Parma maki sato Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo stephen turner Department of Philosophy, University of South jay schulkin Department of Florida Neuroscience, Georgetown University Published online by Cambridge University Press The Pragmatist Reappraisal of Habit in Contemporary Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory: Introductory Essay Italo Testa and Fausto Caruana The aim of this book is to evaluate the contribution that the notion of habit could make to current debate at the crossroads between philosophy, cognitive sciences, neurosciences, and social theory. This topic is addressed in a broad sense, dealing with the different aspects of the pragmatic turn involved by 4E (embodied, embedded, extended, and enactive) cognitive science, and tracing back the roots of such a pragmatic turn to both classical and contemporary pragmatism. Its aim is to explore the many facets of the notion of habit and to use it as the guiding thread for the theoretical reconstruction and critical reassessment of pragmatist arguments that are of great relevance to contemporary thought. In addressing such questions, the book gathers original contributions from philosophers, cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, and social theorists, aiming to offer an interdisciplinary account of “habit,” a notion whose importance is today receiving growing attention in different fields of research but whose different theoretical and historical aspects still need to be connected systematically. Notably, the common reference to the pragmatist approach to this concept is also crucial to ensure a consistent and coherent outcome, as it links together the single chapters in which the systematic project of the book is articulated. The notion of habit, and an understanding of experience as a process of habit formation, constitute a major aspect of classical pragmatist approaches to cognition, social action, and aesthetics (Kilpinen 2012), and have played an important role in classical social sciences (Camic 1986). Still, since the middle of the last century, intentionalist and representational models have hegemonized cognitive sciences, action theory, and social ontology. More recently, the importance of the notion of habit as a viable alternative to current paradigms in some of these fields is being rediscovered. For instance, Pollard (2006) has argued against neglecting habit in action theory, Turner (2002) has emphasized the role of habit in the foundation of social theory, whereas Barandiaran and Di Paolo (2014) have pleaded for the reappraisal of habit as 1 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108682312.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press 2 Italo Testa and Fausto Caruana a theoretical alternative to the notion of “mental representation” adopted by computational and informational cognitive science. More generally, pragmatism nowadays increasingly plays an important role as the main alternative to classical cognitive science (Fodor 2008). The rediscovery in recent years of the contemporary relevance of classical pragmatist theories such as Dewey’s, Peirce’s, James’s, and Mead’s (Rockwell 2005; Menary 2010, 2012; Johnson 2010; Paolucci 2011; Hutto and Myin 2013; Solymosi and Shook 2013; Madzia and Jung 2016; Dreon 2019) deals with the different aspects of the pragmatist turn involved in 4E cognition. In the book we explore how the continuity from motor routines to intelligent behavior described by pragmatist accounts of habit enables 4E cognitive science to overcome the dualism between low-level aspects of cognition, on the one hand, and creative and intelligent thinking, on the other hand, and to finally offer a unifying view of cognition. We investigate the role that pragmatist insights could play in overcoming mind/body, mind/world and perception/ action dualisms, inherited from the Cartesian and Kantian tradition, which have dominated internalist research programs of the last few decades and which have started to be tackled only recently. In particular, we explore how a habit- based notion of experience inspired by pragmatism could make it possible to appreciate the continuity between sensory, motor, and social aspects of action. This could offer useful theoretical tools for studying embodied, enactive, embedded, and extended approaches to cognition that have recently reevaluated the notion of habit (see Noë 2009). What is more, it could also be helpful in order to reframe neuroscientific research in interactive social contexts, to implement experimental approaches to aesthetic perception, and to offer an alternative to socio-ontological models which are based on the internalist and representational notion of collective intentionality and neglect the role of habit formation in the constitution of social entities. In the first section of this introductory essay we first sketch the role that the notion of habit has played in the work of pragmatist authors such as James, Peirce, and Dewey, and give an account of its ambivalent role in the development of psychology and of cognitive sciences from James’s introspectionism, through behaviorism and computationalism, up to 4E cognition and its rediscovery of a pragmatist action-oriented stance to cognition. We then investigate in the second section how the abandonment of the notion of habit in cognitive sciences in the second half of the twentieth century was paralleled by the adoption of a dualism between automatic routine and intelligent action and by an approach to cognition based on the notion of mental representation. This notion was subsequently put under pressure by the emerging paradigm of 4E cognition, whose push toward an antirepresentationalist turn is leading to a reassessment of the notion of habit. In the third section we explore how habit formation has been investigated within contemporary neuroscience in a dynamic perspective based https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108682312.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press
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