Habitat Preferences of the Otway Black Snail 'Victaphanta Compacta' (Cox and Hedley, 1912) (Rhytididae)

2007·1.8 MB·English

Invertebrate Conservation Issue
Habitat preferences ofthe
Otway Black Snail Victaphanta compacta
(Cox and Hedley, 1912) (Rhytididae)
Carolyn Burrell'. Bronwen Scott'- and Alan L Yen’
SustainabilityGroup.VictoriaUniversity,McKcchnicStreet,StAlbans,Victoria3021
Currentaddress;SchoolofMolecularSciences,VictoriaUniversity,
HoppersLane,Werribee,Victoria3030
PrimaryIndustriesResearchVictoria,DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries
621 BurvvoodHighway,Knoxfield,Victoria3156
Abstract
A survey in August-October2004determinedthedistributionoftheOtway Black Snail Victaphanta
compacta at three locations in the Otway Ranges. V. compacta was found in Temperate Rainforest
(gullies). Wet Forests (ridges) and the ecotone between these two (slope) and was found predomi-
nantly around the base oftrees and in leaflitter, and fewerwere found associated w'ith logs and or
thetreetrunks.{The VictorianNaturalist124(4)2007.204-209)
Introduction
The Otway Black Snail Victaphanta com-
pactaCox and Hedley, 1912 is a land snail
endemic to the Otway Ranges, Victoria. V.
compacta belongs to the family
Rhytididae, carnivorous land snails found
in southern Africa, the western islands of
the Pacific,New Guinea,NewZealandand
Australia (Smith 1971, 1977, 1998; Smith
and Rershaw 1979; Meadsetaf. 1984).
The four species in the genus
Victaphantaare characterised by thin, light
shells primarily made ofconchin (aprotein
matrix) with very little calcareous material
(Smith and Kershaw 1979). The shapes of
their shells range from spherical to sub-
spherical and the shell colouring ranges
from black, dark brown, through to light
yellow (Smith and Kershaw 1979). The
body is predominantly black, with three of
the species exhibiting orange colouration
on the foot Victaphantamilligani Pfeiffer, Fig. 1. Otway Black Snail Victaphanta com-
(
1853), mantle frill (Victaphanta atramen- pacta.
taria Shuttleworth, 1853, V. milligani and
Victaphanta lampra Reeve, 1854) or in the
mucus (V. atramentaria and V. lampra)
(Smith and Kershaw, 1979). Victaphanta
is restricted to south-eastern Australia
occurring within the Wet Forests and Cool
Temperate Rainforests of Victoria and
Tasmania; all fourspeciesare found in leaf
litter(Smith and Kershaw 1979).
Victaphantacompacta is aptly named the
Otway Black Snail (Figs. 1 and 2) as its
shell colour is predominantly a glossy Fig. 2. Otway Black Snails Victaphanta com-
pacta.,mating.
204 The Victorian Naturalist
Invertebrate ConservationIssue
black in the outer whorls with a small experience a 50% reduction in population
patch ofyellow/white on the inner whorl withinthenexttenyearsbecauseofhabitat
(Smith and Kershaw 1972, 1979). The loss (World Conservation Union 2003). It
shell colour can vary between individuals is listed as Threatenedunderthe Victorian
ranging from yellow to dark brown (Smith Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988
1970)as well asblack. TJiediameterofthe (SAC 2001) because of possible popula-
mm
shell ranges from 20 to 28 (Gabriel tion decline due to loss ofhabitat caused
1930; Smith 1970; Smith and Kershaw by Myrtle Wilt destroying the canopy
1979). The colour ofthe body ofthe snail layer, and human activities, and because
is also black (Smith 1970; Smith and thespeciesisendemicwithalimiteddistri-
Kershaw 1979). butionandlowabundance.
Victaphanta compacta is easily diag- Part ofthe requirement ofa listing under
nosed by its lack of orange pigmentation the Flora andFauna Guarantee Act 1988
anywhere on the body or in the mucus is the preparation ofan Action Statement
(Smith 1970) and distinguished from its that includes background information and
closest relative Victaphanta atramentaria species description, the distribution, habi-
by a smoother and more spherical shell tat and life history ofthe species, and rec-
(Gabriel 1930; Smith 1970). ommendations for conservation (Butcher
Little is known onthebiologyofV. com- etai 1994). Before anyactionscanbe rec-
pacta except that the snail is carnivorous ommendedforthe conservation of V. com-
(Smith 1971) and lays white eggs with a pacta, information is required on its distri-
diameterof2-3 mm (Smith 1970). It isnot bution, abundance, age structureofpopula-
known how long these snails live. No tions, and reproductive rates and success.
information on the behaviour of This survey is part ofa study that investi-
Victaphantacompactaisavailable. gated some ofthe information that is lack-
Victaphanta compacta is endemic to the ing for Victaphanta compacta (Burrell
Otway Ranges ofsouthern Victoria (Smith 2004). It assessed the habitat and shelter
1977; Smith and Kershaw 1979) and is site preferences of V. compacta by deter-
found in Wet Forests and Cool Temperate miningwhether:
Rainforests (Smith 1977). Cool Temperate 1. It is found in Wet Forest (ridge), Cool
R1a9i9n3f)orests have a patchy distribution Temperate Rainforest (gully), or the
within the Otway Ranges, being restricted Mixed Forest (the ecotone on the slope
to deep, shelteredgullieswithmoistcondi- betweentheridgeandgully)habitats.
tions and at the headwaters ofcreeks and 2. It has a preferred shelter site between
r1i9v9e4rs)throughouttheregion (VEAC2003). habitat types and overall shelter site
Wet Forests occur on mountain sides with preferences. The shelter types are
high rainfall and in wet valleys (Conn definedas base (oftreesandtreeferns),
. Wet Forests are also found emerg- leaflitter, logs or vertical (trunk). This
ing from the Cool Temperate Rainforests, will determine whether V. compacta
calledMixedForests astheycontain amix shelters in specificareaswithinitshabi-
of Wet Forests and Cool Temperate tat or ifthe species is a generalist in
Rainforests flora (Ashton and Attiwill microhabitatchoice.
Cool Temperate Rainforest has an
. StudyArea
overstorey of Myrtle Beech Nothofagus
cunninghami and Blackwood Acacia The Otway Ranges are located on the
melanoxylon, while the Wet Forests are south coast ofVictoria and are approxi-
dominated by Mountain Ash Eucalyptus mately 2110 km“ in area (Conn 1993).
regnans. Mountain Grey Gum E. cypel- Elevations range from 670 metres at Mt
locarpa and Messmate E. obliqua. Both Cowley (VEAC 2003) down to sea level
vegetationtypeshavetree-ferns. along the coast. The geology ofthe area is
The lUCN Species Commission Mollusc primarily ofnon-marine sandstones and
Specialist Group listed Victaphanta com- shales, and the soils consist of fertile
pacta with the lUCN as Endangered in loams, which support extensive forests
1996. ItwasgivenaRed listedcategoryof (Conn 1993). The avermagme rainfall formthme
E A2c, due to apotential forthe species to area is between 1750 and 2000
Vol. 124 (4) 2007 205
Invertebrate Conservation Issue
with the highest rainfall period from Mayto small gardening forks. The crowns offerns
September. Temperatures vary from the weresearchedgentlybyhand,andlogswere
mid-summer maximum of20-27°C to the overturned by hand. Everything was
mid-winterminimum of3-4°C. The Ranges replaced after searching and it was thought
can also receive light snowfall at the higher that no snail would be injured or killed by
elevationsduringwinter(VEAC2003). thismethod. Shell diametersofall livesnails
The area investigated in this study wererecordedasameasureofageclass.
includes from west of Lavers Hill, up to
Beech Forest, Forrest, across to east of Siteselection
Lome, to Apollo Bay and along the coast Quadrat surveys were conducted in three
backto Lavers Hill sites in each ofthree locations. The loca-
tions were chosen by consulting 1:100 000
Methods BIOMAPs and 1:25 000 Topographic
One ofthe most common forms ofsurvey maps of the Otway Ranges. Locations
method used to investigate mollusc diversi- were selected first for their suitability of
ty, habitat preferences, abundance, distribu- habitat for the snails (Wet forest and Cool
tion and biology is the quadrat survey Temperate Rainforest) and for their simi-
method. It is thoughtthatmeasuredsearches larity in elevation and aspect. Similar ele-
such as quadrat surveys provide the most vation and aspect were needed so that the
accurate snail counts when compared to three locations would be statistically com-
casual searches(Mesibov 1998; Stringerand parable. The three locations chosen for the
Montefiore 2000). In the present study, quadrat surveys were: Mt Sabine Falls
quadrat surveys were used as habitatprefer- (38°37’58"S 143°44’58"E), Beauchamp
enceswerebeinginvestigated. Falls(38°39’04”S 143°36’25”E), and Grey
River Road(38°38’45”S I43°46M0”E).
TQhueadmreatthsoudruvseeydmfeotrhtohids studywas adapted onThteheelreivdagtei,onanadt MttheSlaobcianteioFnalhlassisa49S0SmW
sffeoracorumcshiTenasgylooofnropenoteteatnh.toiu(ar1l99pse4hre)ltw1em0hroxsiut1es0sedmoftipllmaoentdd, A2as0up0ge4uc.st.tB,Meta9uSScaehbpiatnmeepmFbaFleallrslswaanhdsass1ua1rnvSeaelytpeitdteuodmnebe2o8rf
wsneariles.usInedthiasnsdtusdeya,rc1h0exd1f0or aqtuoatdarlatosfaolnseo 4su4r0vmeyeodnothner1i1d-g1e2aSnedpateSmSbEeras2p0ec0t4;.itGwreays
hourinallpotential snailsheltersites. Smith River Road has an elevation of520 m on
and Kershaw (1979) reported that the ridge and a SSW aspect; it was sur-
Victaphantacompactaisfound in leaflitter, veyedon21-22October2004.
and Taylor (1991) and Taylor et al. (1994) Threehabitats were surveyedwithin each
listotherpotentialmollusc sheltersitessuch location: ridge, slope and gully habitat.
afsernlosgsa,ndthteheletaofplsitotefrfaerrnosu.ndThteresehselatnedrtsrietee-s aSintde 1sl-opriedgdeohwanbittaoti5n0clmuedterdetsh.erSiidtgee2to-p
where live snails and dead shells were slope habitat includedthe areabetween the
recorded and classed into four categories ridge and gully sites and Site 3 - gully
included:
habitat included the valley floor, riparian
1. Leaf litter: snails found on top and zonesandslopeupto50metres.
underneathopen leaflitter; Five quadrats were surveyed in each site
2. Tree/tree-fern base: snails found around fora total of 15 quadrats foreach location.
thebases oftreesandtree-ferns; In each site the quadrats were placed ran-
3. Logs: snails found on, around and domly. Forest types were recognised using
underneath logs; and thecriteriasetoutbyCameron(1992).
4. Vertical sheltersites: snails found inthe
crowns oftree-ferns and in the crevices Statisticalanalysis
oftrees lessthantwometresin height. Univariate ANOVAs were performed
Quadrats were first visually scanned to usingthe SPSS 1 1.0 forWindowsprogram
locate any active snails, then searches for to investigate individual location habitat
live snails were conducted by overturning and shelter site preferences, and the post
leaflitter and logs by hand and by using hoc Tukey test was used to detect where
206 The Victorian Naturalist
Invertebrate ConservationIssue
any significant difference lay. Analysis litter, eight (26.7%) were found in the log
was performed with the guidance of shelter site and one (3.3%) was found in
Kirkpatrick and Feeney (2003). Some of thevertical sheltersite.
the data were recorded as zeros or low
BeauchampFalls
numbers; therefore, to normalise the data
before statistical analysis, log transforma- In the ridge habitat a total of 11 (57.9%)
tion was used, X’ = Log (x + 1) (Zar snails was recorded inthebase sheltersite,
seven snails (36.8%)were found intheleaf
1999).
litter and one (5.3%) was found in the log
Results shelter site; no snails were found in the
Habitatpreferences vertical sheltersite. The slopehabitathada
A total of 148 live snails was recorded on total ofnine (75%) snails in the base shel-
the ridges, slopes and gullies at the three tersite andthree (25%) in the leaflitter; no
locations. Fifty-nine snails were recorded snails were found in the log and vertical
at Mt Sabine Falls with 12 (20.3%) on the shelter sites. The gully habitat had a total
ridge, 17 (28.8%) on the slope, and 30 ofseven (53.9%) snails in the base shelter
(50.9%) in the gully. At Beauchamp Falls, site and six (46.2%) in the leaf litter; no
49 snails were recorded with 19 (38.8%) snails were found in the log and vertical
on the ridge, 13 (26.5%) on the slope, and sheltersites.
17 (34.7%) in the gully. Grey River Road
had 40 snails, with 27 (67.5%) on the GreyRiverRoad
ridge, eight (20%) on the slope, and five The ridge habitat hadatotal of 11 (40.7%)
(12.5%) inthegully. snails in the base shelter site, 13 (48.2%)
The data from the three locations was in the leaf litter and three (11.1%) in the
pooled and statistically analysed. No sig- log shelter site; no snails were found in
nificant difference was detected (P=0.434) vertical sheltersite. The slopehabitathada
between locations and between habitat total ofthree (42.9%) snails in the base
types. This suggeststhatthelocationswere shelter site and four(57.1%) in the leaflit-
statistically similar in the numbers of ter; no snails wererecorded forthe log and
snailsperhabitattypeandthat Victaphanta vertical shelter sites. The gully habitat had
compacta has no distinct preference for a total of two (40%) snails in the base
habitat (Wet Forest on ridges, Mixed habitat and three (60%) snails in the leaf
Forest on slopes, and Cool Temperate litter; no snails were found in the log and
Forestinthegully. vertical sheltersites.
Analyses ofthe pooled raw data for the
Sheltersitepreferences three locations showed that Victaphanta
The numbers oflive V. compacta found in compacta occurred equally in base shelter
each shelter site (base, litter, logs or verti- sites and leaf litter shelter sites and then
cal shelter sites) for the three habitats at log shelter sites and rarely in vertical shel-
thethree locationsareprovidedbelow. ter sites as only two individuals were
MtSabineFalls recordedinthis sheltersite.
Statistical analysis of the pooled data
In the ridge habitat a total of six (50%) from the three locations showed a signifi-
snails was found in the base shelter site, cant difference (P<0.001). A post hoc
three snalis (25%)werefound in leaflitter, Tukey test revealed that the difference lay
two (16.7%) were found in the log shelter between the overall preferences between
site and one (8.3%) was found in the verti- shelter sites. Base shelter sites did not sig-
cal shelter site. In the slope habitat a total nificantly differ from leaflitter (P=0.621),
of seven (41.2%) snails was recorded for base shelter sites significantly differed
the base shelter site, seven snails (41.2%) from logs (P<0.001), base shelter sites sig-
were found in leaflitter and three (17.7%) nificantly differed from vertical shelter
were found inthe log sheltersite; no snails sites (P<0.001), leaflittersignificantly dif-
wererecordedin thevertical sheltersite. In fered from logs (P=0.006) and from verti-
the gully habitat a total of 16 (53.3%) cal shelter sites (P<0.001). No significant
snails was recorded for the base shelter difference was detected between logs and
site, five snails (16.7%) were found in leaf
Vol. 124 (4) 2007 207
Invertebrate Conservation Issne
vertical shelter sites. This suggests that the Rainforests ofthe Otway Ranges. The pre-
number of snails within each shelter site sent study found this to be true and
did not differ between ridge, slope and expanded it to include areas around the
gully and between the three locations. base oftrees and tree ferns and to a lesser
However Victaphanta compacta showed extent logs in both Cool Temperate
an overall preference between sheltersites, Rainforests and Wet Forests ofthe Otway
preferring base and leaf litter shelter sites Ranges.
to logandvertical sheltersites The presentstudy foundthat V. compacta
prefers the base oftrees and tree ferns and
Discussion
leaf litter, rather than log shelter sites and
Habitat
rarely vertical heights. The endangered
Statistical analysis showed that V, com- New Zealand carnivorous land snail,
pacta occurred equally between the three Paryphanta bushyi watti, also hides under
habitats, suggesting that the species has no leaf litter in dense vegetation during the
preferred habitat type between Wet Forest, day (Stringeretai 2003). Thatthe logs are
Mixed Forest and Cool Temperate
not a significant shelter site for V. com-
RaSimnfiotrhest(.1977) listed the habitats for pacta ij- interesting, as for most inverte-
brates, logsare an importantaspectoftheir
Victaphanta compacta as the Wet Forests habitat requirements (Taylor 1991; Taylor
and Cool Temperate Rainforests of the and Doran 2001). In the case of V. com-
Otway Ranges, whereas all other refer- pacta, itis still unknownwhetherlogs may
ences list the species as only occurring affect environmental conditionsthatenable
within the Cool Temperate Rainforests
thisspeciesto inhabitthese forests.
including Gabriel (1930), Smith (1970),
Smith and Kershaw (1979) and the Flora Otherobservations
and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (SAC Most Rhytididae snails are nocturnally
2001) under which the species is listed as active (Smith 1998), but some are active
‘Threatened' because ofits restricted habi- during the day in wet weather (Meads et
tat (i.e. Cool Temperate Rainforests in the al. 1984). Victaphantacompacta IS primar-
Otway Ranges). However the present ilynocturnal, butduringthis study 62 indi-
study has not only supported Smith’s viduals were found to be active during the
(1977) recording ofWet Forests as well as day; however, all observations were on
Cool Temperate Rainforests in the Otway daysofwetweather. Thematingbehaviour
Ranges as V. compacta’s habitat, but it has of some carnivorous land snails can take
also suggested that the species occurs several days (Stringer et al. 2003); four
equally within these habitat types and in pairsofmating V. compactawereobserved
theboundariesbetweenthetwo(i.e. Mixed during September in this study, and Fig. 2
Forests). shows a mating pair connected by their
evertedreproductiveorgans.
ShelterSites
Statistical analysis ofthe combined data Conclusions
revealed that Victaphanta compacta This project assessed the distribu-
showed a preference between the four tion of the Otway Black Snail in differ-
shelter sites surveyed in this study. The ent topographies in the Otway Ranges. It
species was found to be equally occurring was found in Temperate Rainforest (gul-
around the bases oftrees and tree ferns as lies), Wet Forests (ridges) and in the eco-
well as leaflitter and was less likely to be tone between these two (slope). Within
found in the log shelter sites. The study these areas, V. compacta was found pre-
recorded that V. compacta is unlikely to be dominantly around the base oftrees and in
recorded in sites that are above the ground leaflitter. This suggeststhatleaflitterisan
up to two metres suggesting that the important microhabitat for this species,
species isnotarboreal. and factors thatthreaten the leaflitterlayer
Smith and Kershaw (1979) reported that couldhaveadverseeffectson V. compacta.
Victaphanta compacta could be found in
the leaf litter in the Cool Temperate
208 The Victorian Naturalist
.
Invertebrate ConservationIssue
Acknowledgements Mesibov R (1998) Species-level comparison oflitter
This project was completed by Carolyn Burrell invertebrates attwo rainforest sites in Tasmania.
casonpdaurtctoefdaunBdSecr(tHhoensa)uthdoergrietey.oTfhDeSwEorpkerwmaist SfAToCarsf(loi2rs0ets0it1nsg):1F0iV,nia1cl4t1aR-p1eh5ac7no.tmamecnodmaptaicotnao(nCoaxn&omiMneadtlieoy,n
No. 10002911. The authors wish to thankChris 1912)-OtwayBlackSnail(Nomination 522). Flora
Rowley (Museum Victoria) for allowing access and Fauna Guarantee Scientific Advisory
to the collections; Parks Victoria Rangers at Community. (DepartmentofNatural Resources and
Apollo Bay and Lome for allowing access to Environment:Melbourne).
fViiecltdapshiatenstaancdompfoarctaan;ecDdaovtiadlRionufrokrem,atSitoenwaornt Sma&ittrhMaemBdeJlnet(ya1)r9i7aa0n)d(SNhtouhtetetsldeeowsnoirgttnhhae)tiaaonnnadtoofVm.yacnooefmopVtaiyccptteaapfho(arCnotVxa.
GardnerandSteveMcDougallfromtheForestry atramentaria. JournaloftheMalacologicalSociety
Department for allowing access to the State ofAustralia2, 13-21.
Forests and for interesting insights into V. com- Smith BJ (1971) Carnivorous snails ofthe family
pacta', and Graeme Newell (Arthur Rylah Paryphantidae.AustralianNaturalHistory17,55-58.
Institute, DSE) for his help in the BIOCLIM/ SmithBJ(1977)Thenon-marinemolluscfaunaofthe
BIOMAP analysis. The laboratory manager at OtwayregionofVictoria. Proceedings oftheRoyal
VliacbtoorraitaorUynivteercshintiyc,iaNnisc,koelsapePcoipaolvliykHaenadthtehre SmSSiootcuhitehBteJyron(f1S9Vy9in8ctt)hoerFsiaaims8i.9l,yFa1R4uh7yn-ta1i5d5oi.fdaAeu.stIrnaMloilaluvoslca5:,Tphpe.
Altimari,deserveabigthankyoufororganising 109M093. EdsPLBeesley,GJBRossandAWells.
equipment and supplies for field trips. Thank (CSIROPublishing:Melbourne).
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