Gymnosperms. Structure evolution PDF
Preview Gymnosperms. Structure evolution
GYMNOSPERMS STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAl THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED SHANGHAI GYMNOSPERMS STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION By CHARLES JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, Ph.D., Sc.D. WITH 397 FIGURES *2J^ ttttSa tixco- h-^ THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO ILLINOIS • COl'VRIGHT 1935 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PUBLISHED MARCH 1935 FIFTH IMPRESSION FEBRUARY 1937 COMPOSEDANDPRINTEDBYTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO,ILLINOIS,U.S.A. TO MY WIFE AND DAUGHTER ^^\i;40 PREFACE A few centuries ago people believed that the earth was created suddenly, and that plants and animalswere created just as they are today; but no one with any scientific training now believes in such an origin of the earth oritsinhabitants. The first livingthings were simpleand, in somewayoranother, originated fromnon-livingmat- ter. Suchsimpleformsgraduallydevelopedintomoreandmorecom- plex organisms. No one believes that any organism as complex as a fern, or even as complex as a moss or liverwort, ever developed di- rectly from non-living matter; they came from simpler forms. We may take it as a fact that the plants and animals on the earth today are the lineal descendants of plants and animals which lived hun- dreds of millions of years ago. Line after line of these ancient forms became extinct; but, here and there, an individual varying in some way from the main line, with some variation which made it able to withstand changingconditionswhich were fataltoitsneighbors, sur- vived and became the progenitor of a new race. Consequently, if we are to understand the gymnosperms, or any other great group of plants, we should study not only those which exist today, but also those extinct ancestors whose fragmentary rec- ords can be read in the rocks. And beyond the available records, we should try to imagine the missing parts of the life-histories, and try to picture to ourselves the still more ancient progenitors. Since this book is intended to be of service not only to those who would gain some knowledge of the gymnosperms, but also to those who would go farther and do productive research in this great group, a few admonitions may be helpful. Read, and read widely, thatyou mayknowwhathasalreadybeen accomplished; and read critically. But no one can read critically whose knowledge comes entirely, or even principally, from reading. You musthaveafirst-handknowledgeof thematerial, muststudyit in the field and in the laboratory. The student who has not had sufficientexperiencetomake afirst-classpreparation formicroscopic PREFACE viii study cannot safely interpret slides made by others. He is in the sameclasswith theone who claimshe seesit but can't draw it; while the real trouble is not in his hand, but in his head. Studies in the field bring a kind of knowledge which cannot be gained in any other way; and the technical work of making slides and drawings, if prop- erly done, affords a great stimulus to mental development. A chapter on "Alternation of Generations" has been added be- causethegymnospermsstand insuchasuggestiveplacein theevolu- tion of the sporophyte and, particularly, in the reduction of the gametophyte. There is a single alphabetical Bibliography, numbered consecu- tively. The small numerals throughout the book, both in text and illustrations, refer to this Bibliography. It is a pleasure to acknowledge helpful advice and criticism, espe- cially from Dr. A. C. NoE and Dr. Fredda D. Reed, whohaveread the entiremanuscript and havedefinitelyimproved thepaleobotani- cal features. Dr. John T. Buchholz read and criticized the chapter on "Embryogenyof Conifers." IamindebtedtoDr. E. Krausfor J. suggestions in regard to the anatomy of conifers. Corrections and suggestions will always be welcome. Charles Joseph Chamberlain University of Chicago August 1934 CONTENTS PAGE Chapter I. Introduction i — Chapter II. Cycadophytes Cycadofilicales 6 Distribution 8 Life-histories ii General remarlcs 25 Phylogeny 28 Speculative reconstruction 35 — Chapter III. Cycadophytes Bennettitales 41 Distribution 42 Life-history 43 Phylogeny 59 — Chapter IV. Cycadophytes Cycadales 60 Geographic distribution 61 Chapter V. Cycadales {continued) 76 Thelife-history ' . . . . 76 Chapter VI. Cycadales {continued) 118 The female gametophyte 118 Themale gametophyte 127 Fertilization 137 Chapter VII. Cycadales {continued) 139 Embryogeny 139 The seedling 148 Hybrids 152 Chapter VIII. Cycadales {continued) 155 Phylogeny 155 Taxonomy 161 — Chapter IX. Coniferophytes Cordaitales 165 Distribution 166 Life-history 168 The sporophyte 168 The gametophytes 179 Phylogeny 180 52578 CONTENTS X — PACE Chapter X. Coniferophytes Ginkgoales 184 Extinct members 184 Ginkgo 186 Life-history 186 Phylogeny 215 — Chapter XI. Coniferophytes ^Coniferales 217 Taxonomy 226 Geographic distribution 231 — The sporophyte vegetative 234 — .... Chapter XII. Coniferophytes Coniferales {continued) 275 — The sporophyte reproductive 275 — Chapter XIII. Coniferophytes Coniferales {continued) 306 . . . The male gametophyte 306 — Chapter XIV. Coniferophytes Coniferales {continued) 321 . . . The female gametophyte 321 — Chapter XV. Coniferophytes Coniferales {continued) .331 . . . Fertilization 331 — Chapter XVI. Coniferophytes Coniferales {continued) 342 . The embryo 342 — — Chapter XVII. Coniferophytes Gnetales Ephedra 361 . • Geographic distribution 362 — The sporophyte vegetative 364 — The sporophyte reproductive 368 Fertilization 377 Embryogeny 381 — — Chapter XVIII. Coniferophytes Gnetales Welwitschia 384 . Geographic distribution 3S4 — Thesporophyte vegetative 385 — Thesporophyte reproductive 392 The male gametophyte 400 The female gametophyte 401 Fertilization 404 Embryogeny 404 — — Chapter XIX. Coniferophytes Gnetales Gnetum 408 — Thesporophyte vegetative 408 — ... The sporophyte reproductive 412
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