Guinea Fowl Genetics & Breeding (Pbk)

139 Pages·2013·5.185 MB·English

by  Harpreet Sing Deepak Sharma

G uinea Fowl :
enetics & Breeding
Editors :
DEEPAK SHARMA, Ph.D.
Principal Scientist and Head
Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)
HARPREET SINGH, Ph.D.
Principal Scientist (Rt)
Avian Genetics & Breeding, Central Avian
Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122 (U.P.)
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ISBN 978-93-81226-48-3
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About the Book
Guinea fowl, one of the domesticated galliforms birds, is important not only
for economic reasons, but also for academic reasons.
The certain unique characteristics of guinea fowl such as herding instinct,
excellent foraging ability, hard and adaptable to harsh climate and resistance
to most of the common chicken disease makes it an ideal poultry species to
be reared under low input rural poultry farming system.
The resistance to common chicken disease in guinea fowl makes it an ideal
model for studying the mechanism of disease resistance through functional
and comparative genomic studies.
In present book, we have tried to give some fundamentals of genetics and
breeding and discussed the various aspects of genetics including
cytogenetics, immunogenetics and molecular genetics. The inheritance of
certain qualitative and quantitative traits have also been covered.
About the Editors
Dr Deepak Sharma, Ph.D. has worked for more than 25 years in poultry
genetics and breeding. For last 12 years, he was engaged in guinea fowl
breeding and also in Immuno-genetics as well as on Molecular Genetics.
Presently he is Head, Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research
Institute, Izatnagar (UP). He has published more than 120 research articles.
He may be contacted at [email protected]
Dr Harpreet Singh is retired Principal Scientist from Central Avian
Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh and at present is a consultant. He
has worked on Blood polymorphism, Biochemical polymorphism in large
animals as well as in poultry. He initiated research programmes on guinea
fowl improvement at CARI and worked more than 13 years on guinea fowl.
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1 : Origin and Domestication
Harpreet Singh
Chapter 2 : Species and Varieties
Harpreet Singh & Deepak Sharma
Chapter 3 : Cytogenetics
Harpreet Singh
Chapter 4 : Qualitative Genetics
Harpreet Singh
Chapter 5 : Quantitative Genetics
Harpreet Singh & Deepak Sharma
Chapter 6 : Immunogenetics
Harpreet Singh & Deepak Sharma
Chapter 7 : Molecular Genetics
Giriraj Goyal, Satyendra Kumar Singh & Deepak Sharma
References
Preface
Poultry farming is recognized as a potential tool to fight poverty and
malnutrition with tremendous employment opportunity. In India, poultry
production has increased rapidly and tremendously in the last three decades,
but this expansion is largely due to the commercial sector and is solely
chicken based. Less-favored rural areas and dis-advantaged families, which
account for 70% of Indian population are not benefited by this boom.
Targeting small-scale, family-based poultry systems as an effective entry
point for poverty alleviation programme is gaining widespread acceptance.
Importance of the traditional system of poultry production is being
rediscovered by researchers and development scientists.
Alternate poultry species have their regional/seasonal importance. Further
these alternate poultry species make the poultry production more diversified
hence provide much diverse range of egg/meat products. Self reliant and
hardy indigenous guinea fowl has adequate potential for becoming a crucial
and integral part of the rural poultry production part. Guinea fowl may be a
tailor made-germplasm for the rural poultry production system for the
reasons being resistant to common chicken diseases, hardy and well adapted
even under the adverse environmental conditions, excellent foraging ability
and herd instinct and its integration with agriculture and horti-culture. This
species is studied at genetical and molecular level to a lesser extent. This
book provides the information on these aspects of guinea fowl.
This book focuses on different aspects of the genetics of guinea fowl such as
quantitative and qualitative genetics, cyto-genetics, immuno-genetics and
molecular genetics. It is hoped that this book on genetics and breeding of the
guinea fowl will prove very useful to the researchers and teachers.
Deepak Sharma
Harpreet Singh
Introduction
Poultry industry in India has a strong standing globally, being third highest
egg producer with more than 54000 million eggs and fifth highest broiler
producer with 2.5 million tones of broiler meat. Largely, Indian poultry
industry is chicken dominated and rearing of high yielding varieties under
intensive rearing system is the back bone of its present face. Presently, broiler
industry is pocing at a growth rate of 10 %, while egg production has a
growth rate of ~6 %. With these growth rates, egg production is expected to
be more than 100 billion by 2020 and broiler production will be 8.6 million
tones. However, these estimates may not be able to meet out the ever
increasing demand of egg and meat.
Present growth in human population in India is estimated to be 1.404 %
per year, against the average growth rate of 1.184 % in total Asian population
and 0.906 % in world population. At this rate, the human population is
expected to be 1173.8 million in India, 4149 million in Asia and 6830 million
in World at the end of 2020. Existing growth rate in egg and poultry meat
production will make the availability of 76 eggs per person per year in 2020.
Similarly the availability of poultry peat per person per year will be 5.62 Kg
by 2020.
Gap in requirement and supply
At the present level of production and per capita availability of eggs and
poultry meat, India is far behind even fulfilling the recommendations of NIN
which are 180 eggs per person per year and 11 kg meat per person per year.
Existing per capita availability of eggs and poultry meat is about 2.0 kg
poultry meat and < 40 eggs per person per year. To meet out the NIN
requirement, the existing levels of egg production and poultry meat
production should be 234000 million eggs and 12 millions tones of poultry
meat, which are about 5-6 times more than the current production levels.
These levels are difficult to achieve, but this gap can be narrowed by
increasing the poultry production by adopting multifarious approa-ches. First
need is to identify the short falls and lacuna and then to adopt the corrective
measures.
Constraints
There are several well identified constraints which affect the growth of
poultry adversely. These constraints are :
Chicken dominated poultry production
Pocketed poultry development
High prices of conventional feed ingredients
Seasonal fluctuations in consumption and prices of egg and meat
Vegetarian feed habits especially in northern and western regions of
country
Lack of proper marketing channels
Wet marketing of poultry meat
Strategy for increase in egg and poultry meat production
The wide gap exists between the current availability of egg and poultry
meat and the recommended requirements can be bridged in principle by
increasing the production and also be decreasing the losses in production.
Increase in production can be achieved by increasing the number of birds as
well as by improving the productivity of the birds. Therefore, a three tier can
be adopted.
Expansion of high input intensive chicken production system
Reorienting and strengthening the Rural poultry production system