Guide to the Study of Fishes by David Starr Jordan

350 Pages·2021·3.26 MB·English

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Volume 2
(of 2), by David Starr Jordan

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Volume 2 (of 2)

Author: David Starr Jordan

Release Date: April 9, 2016 [EBook #51702]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO STUDY OF FISHES, VOL 2 ***

Produced by Richard Tonsing, Chris Curnow, Bryan Ness and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)

GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF FISHES

VARIATIONS IN THE COLOR OF FISHES

The Oniokose or Demon Stinger, Inimicus japonicus (Cuv. and Val.), from

Wakanoura, Japan. From nature by Kako Morita.

Surface coloration about lava rocks.

Coloration of specimens living among red algæ.

Coloration in deep water; Inimicus aurantiacus (Schlegel).

A GUIDE

TO

THE STUDY OF FISHES

BY

DAVID STARR JORDAN

President of Leland Stanford Junior University

With Colored Frontispieces and 507 Illustrations

IN TWO VOLUMES

Vol II.

"I am the wiser in respect to all knowledge
and the better qualified for all fortunes
for knowing that there is a minnow in that
brook."—Thoreau

NEW YORK

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

1905

Copyright, 1905

BY

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

Published March, 1905

CONTENTS

VOL. II.

CHAPTER I.

THE GANOIDS.

PAGE

Subclass Actinopteri.—The Series Ganoidei.—Are the Ganoids a Natural Group?—Systematic Position of

Lepidosteus.—Gill on the Ganoids as a Natural Group.

1

CHAPTER II.

THE GANOIDS (Continued).

Classification of Ganoids.—Order Lysopteri.—The Palæoniscidæ.—The Platysomidæ.—The Dorypteridæ.—

The Dictyopygidæ.—Order Chondrostei.—Order Selachostomi: the Paddle-fishes.—Order Pycnodonti.—
Order Lepidostei.—Family Lepisosteidæ.—Embryology of the Garpike.—Fossil Garpikes.—Order
Halecomorphi.—Pachycormidæ.—The Bowfins: Amiidæ.—The Oligopleuridæ.

13

CHAPTER III.
ISOSPONDYLI.

The Subclass Teleostei, or Bony Fishes.—Order Isospondyli.—The Classification of the Bony Fishes.—

Relationships of Isospondyli.—The Clupeoidea.—The Leptolepidæ.—The Elopidæ.—The Albulidæ.—The
Chanidæ.—The Hiodontidæ.—The Pterothrissidæ.—The Ctenothrissidæ.—The Notopteridæ.—The
Clupeidæ.—The Dorosomatidæ.—The Engraulididæ.—Gonorhynchidæ.—The Osteoglossidæ.—The
Pantodontidæ.

37

CHAPTER IV.
SALMONIDÆ.

The Salmon Family.—Coregonus, the Whitefish.—Argyrosomus, the Lake Herring.—Brachymystax and

Stenodus, the Inconnus.—Oncorhynchus, the Quinnat Salmon.—The Parent-stream Theory.—The
Jadgeska Hatchery.—Salmon-packing.

61

CHAPTER V.

SALMONIDÆ (Continued).

Salmo, the Trout and Atlantic Salmon.—The Atlantic Salmon.—The Ouananiche.—The Black-spotted Trout.

—The Trout of Western America.—Cutthroat or Red-throated Trout.—Hucho, the Huchen.—Salvelinus,
the Charr.—Cristivomer, the Great Lake Trout.—The Ayu, or Sweetfish.—Cormorant-fishing.—Fossil
Salmonidæ.

89

CHAPTER VI.

THE GRAYLING AND THE SMELT.

The Grayling, or Thymallidæ.—The Argentinidæ.—The Microstomidæ.—The Salangidæ, or Icefishes.—The

Haplochitonidæ.—Stomiatidæ.—Suborder Iniomi, the Lantern-fishes.—Aulopidæ.—The Lizard-fishes.—
Ipnopidæ.—Rondeletiidæ.—Myctophidæ.—Chirothricidæ.—Maurolicidæ.—The Lancet-fishes.—The
Sternoptychidæ.—Order Lyopomi.

120

CHAPTER VII.

THE APODES, OR EEL-LIKE FISHES.

The Eels.—Order Symbranchia.—Order Apodes, or True Eels.—Suborder Archencheli.—Suborder

Enchelycephali.—Family Anguillidæ.—Reproduction of the Eel.—Food of the Eel.—Larva of the Eel.—
Species of Eels.—Pug-nosed Eels.—Conger-eels.—The Snake-eels.—Suborder Colocephali, or Morays.
—Family Moringuidæ.—Order Carencheli, the Long-necked Eels.—Order Lyomeri or Gulpers.—Order
Heteromi.

139

CHAPTER VIII.

SERIES OSTARIOPHYSI.

Ostariophysi.—The Heterognathi.—The Eventognathi.—The Cyprinidæ.—Species of Dace and Shiner.—

Chubs of the Pacific Slope.—The Carp and Goldfish.—The Catostomidæ.—Fossil Cyprinidæ.—The
Loaches.

159

v

vi

CHAPTER IX.

THE NEMATOGNATHI, OR CATFISHES.

The Nematognathi.—Families of Nematognathi.—The Siluridæ.—The Sea Catfish.—The Channel Cats.—

Horned Pout.—The Mad-toms.—The Old World Catfishes.—The Sisoridæ.—The Plotosidæ.—The
Chlariidæ.—The Hypophthalmidæ or Pygidiidæ.—The Loricariidæ.—The Callichthyidæ.—Fossil Catfishes.
—Order Gymnonoti.

177

CHAPTER X.

THE SCYPHOPHORI, HAPLOMI, AND XENOMI.

Order Scyphophori.—The Mormyridæ.—The Haplomi.—The Pikes.—The Mud minnows.—The Killifishes.

—Amblyopsidæ.—Kneriidæ, etc.—The Galaxiidæ.—Order Xenomi.

188

CHAPTER XI.

ACANTHOPTERYGII; SYNENTOGNATHI.

Order Acanthopterygii, the Spiny-rayed Fishes.—Suborder Synentognathi.—The Garfishes: Belonidæ.—The

Flying-fishes: Exocœtidæ.

208

CHAPTER XII.

PERCESOCES AND RHEGNOPTERI.

Suborder Percesoces.—The Silversides: Atherinidæ.—The Mullets: Mugilidæ.—The Barracudas:

Sphyrænidæ.—Stephanoberycidæ.—Crossognathidæ.—Cobitopsidæ.—Suborder Rhegnopteri.

215

CHAPTER XIII.

PHTHINOBRANCHII: HEMIBRANCHII, LOPHOBRANCHII, AND

HYPOSTOMIDES.

Suborder Hemibranchii.—The Sticklebacks: Gasterosteidæ.—The Aulorhynchidæ.—Cornet-fishes:

Fistulariidæ.—The Trumpet-fishes: Aulostomidæ.—The Snipefishes: Macrorhamphosidæ.—The Shrimp-
fishes: Centriscidæ.—The Lophobranchs.—The Solenostomidæ.—The Pipefishes: Syngnathidæ.—The Sea-
horses: Hippocampus.—Suborder Hypostomides, the Sea-moths: Pegasidæ.

227

CHAPTER XIV.

SALMOPERCÆ AND OTHER TRANSITIONAL GROUPS.

Suborder Salmopercæ, the Trout-perches: Percopsidæ.—Erismatopteridæ.—Suborder Selenichthyes, the

Opahs: Lamprididæ.—Suborder Zeoidea.—Amphistiidæ.—The John Dories: Zeidæ.—Grammicolepidæ.

241

CHAPTER XV.
BERYCOIDEI.

The Berycoid Fishes.—The Alfonsinos: Berycidæ.—The Soldier-fishes: Holocentridæ.—The Polymixiidæ.—

The Pine-cone Fishes: Monocentridæ.

250

CHAPTER XVI.
PERCOMORPHI.

Suborder Percomorphi, the Mackerels and Perches.—The Mackerel Tribe: Scombroidea.—The True

Mackerels: Scombridæ.—The Escolars: Gempylidæ.—Scabbard and Cutlass-fishes: Lepidopidæ and
Trichiuridæ.—The Palæorhynchidæ.—The Sailfishes: Istiophoridæ.—The Swordfishes: Xiphiidæ.

258

CHAPTER XVII.

CAVALLAS AND PAMPANOS.

The Pampanos: Carangidæ.—The Papagallos: Nematistiidæ.—The Bluefishes: Cheilodipteridæ.—The

Sergeant-fishes: Rachycentridæ.—The Butter-fishes: Stromateidæ.—The Rag-fishes: Icosteidæ.—The
Pomfrets: Bramidæ.—The Dolphins: Coryphænidæ.—The Menidæ.—The Pempheridæ.—Luvaridæ.—The
Square-tails: Tetragonuridæ.—The Crested Bandfishes: Lophotidæ.

272

CHAPTER XVIII.

PERCOIDEA, OR PERCH-LIKE FISHES.

vii

viii

Percoid Fishes.—The Pirate-perches: Aphredoderidæ.—The Pigmy Sunfishes: Elassomidæ.—The Sunfishes:

Centrarchidæ.—Crappies and Rock Bass.—The Black Bass.—The Saleles: Kuhliidæ.—The True Perches:
Percidæ.—Relations of Darters to Perches.—The Perches.—The Darters: Etheostominæ.

293

CHAPTER XIX.

THE BASS AND THEIR RELATIVES.

The Cardinal-fishes: Apogonidæ.—The Anomalopidæ.—The Asineopidæ—The Robalos: Oxylabracidæ.—

The Sea-bass: Serranidæ.—The Jewfishes.—The Groupers.—The Serranos.—The Flashers: Lobotidæ.—
The Big eyes: Priacanthidæ.—The Pentacerotidæ.—The Snappers: Lutianidæ.—The Grunts: Hæmulidæ.—
The Porgies: Sparidæ.—The Picarels: Mænidæ.—The Mojarras: Gerridæ.—The Rudder-fishes:
Kyphosidæ.

316

CHAPTER XX.

THE SURMULLETS, THE CROAKERS AND THEIR RELATIVES.

The Surmullets, or Goatfishes: Mullidæ.—The Croakers: Sciænidæ.—The Sillaginidæ, etc.—The Jawfishes:

Opisthognathidæ, etc.—The Stone-wall Perch: Oplegnathidæ.—The Swallowers: Chiasmodontidæ.—The
Malacanthidæ.—The Blanquillos: Latilidæ.—The Bandfishes: Cepolidæ.—The Cirrhitidæ.—The Sandfishes:
Trichodontidæ.

351

CHAPTER XXI.

LABYRINTHICI AND HOLCONOTI.

The Labyrinthine Fishes.—The Climbing-perches: Anabantidæ.—The Gouramis: Osphromenidæ.—The

Snake-head Mullets: Ophicephalidæ.—Suborder Holconoti, the Surf-fishes.—The Embiotocidæ.

365

CHAPTER XXII.

CHROMIDES AND PHARYNGOGNATHI.

Suborder Chromides.—The Cichlidæ.—The Damsel-fishes: Pomacentridæ.—Suborder Pharyngognathi.—The

Wrasse Fishes: Labridæ.—The Parrot-fishes: Scaridæ.

380

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE SQUAMIPINNES.

The Squamipinnes.—The Scorpididæ.—The Boarfishes: Antigoniidæ.—The Arches: Toxotidæ.—The

Ephippidæ.—The Spadefishes: Ilarchidæ.—The Platacidæ.—The Butterfly-fishes: Chætodontidæ.—The
Pygæidæ.—The Moorish Idols: Zanclidæ.—The Tangs: Acanthuridæ.—Suborder Amphacanthi, the
Siganidæ.

397

CHAPTER XXIV.

SERIES PLECTOGNATHI.

The Plectognaths.—The Scleroderms.—The Trigger-fishes: Balistidæ.—The File-fishes: Monacanthidæ.—The

Spinacanthidæ.—The Trunkfishes: Ostraciidæ.—The Gymnodontes.—The Triodontidæ.—The Globefishes:
Tetraodontidæ.—The Porcupine-fishes: Diodontidæ.—The Head-fishes: Molidæ.

411

CHAPTER XXV.

PAREIOPLITÆ, OR MAILED-CHEEK FISHES.

The Mailed-cheek Fishes.—The Scorpion-fishes: Scorpænidæ.—The Skilfishes: Anoplopomidæ.—The

Greenlings: Hexagrammidæ.—The Flatheads or Kochi: Platycephalidæ.—The Sculpins: Cottidæ.—The
Sea-poachers: Agonidæ.—The Lump-suckers: Cyclopteridæ.—The Sea-snails: Liparididæ.—The Baikal
Cods: Comephoridæ.—Suborder Craniomi: the Gurnards, Triglidæ.—The Peristediidæ.—The Flying
Gurnards: Cephalacanthidæ.

426

CHAPTER XXVI.

GOBIOIDEI, DISCOCEPHALI, AND TÆNIOSOMI.

Suborder Gobioidei, the Gobies: Gobiidæ.—Suborder Discocephali, the Shark-suckers: Echeneididæ.—

Suborder Tæniosomi, the Ribbon-fishes.—The Oarfishes: Regalecidæ.—The Dealfishes: Trachypteridæ.

459

CHAPTER XXVII.

SUBORDER HETEROSOMATA.

ix

x

The Flatfishes.—Optic Nerves of Flounders.—Ancestry of Flounders.—The Flounders: Pleuronectidæ.—The

Turbot Tribe: Bothinæ.—The Halibut Tribe: Hippoglossinæ.—The Plaice Tribe: Pleuronectinæ.—The Soles:
Soleidæ.—The Broad Soles: Achirinæ.—The European Soles (Soleinæ).—The Tongue-fishes:
Cynoglossinæ.

481

CHAPTER XXVIII.

SUBORDER JUGULARES.

The Jugular-fishes.—The Weevers: Trachinidæ.—The Nototheniidæ.—The Leptoscopidæ.—The Star-gazers:

Uranoscopidæ.—The Dragonets: Callionymidæ.—The Dactyloscopidæ.

499

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE BLENNIES: BLENNIIDÆ.

The Northern Blennies: Xiphidiinæ, Stichæiniæ, etc.—The Quillfishes: Ptilichthyidæ.—The Blochiidæ.—The

Patæcidæ, etc.—The Gadopsidæ, etc.—The Wolf-fishes: Anarhichadidæ.—The Eel-pouts: Zoarcidæ.—
The Cusk-eels: Ophidiidæ.—Sand-lances: Ammodytidæ.—The Pearlfishes: Fierasferidæ.—The Brotulidæ.
—Ateleopodidæ.—Suborder Haplodoci.—Suborder Xenopterygii.

507

CHAPTER XXX.

OPISTHOMI AND ANACANTHINI.

Order Opisthomi.—Order Anacanthini.—The Codfishes: Gadidæ.—The Hakes: Merluciidæ.—The

Grenadiers: Macrouridæ.

532

CHAPTER XXXI.

ORDER PEDICULATI: THE ANGLERS.

The Angler-fishes.—The Fishing-frogs: Lophiidæ.—The Sea-devils: Ceratiidæ.—The Frogfishes:

Antennariidæ.—The Batfishes: Ogcocephalidæ.

542

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

VOL. II.

PAGE

Shoulder-girdle of a Flounder, Paralichthys californicus
2

Palæoniscum frieslebenense
14

Eurynotus crenatus
15

Dorypterus hoffmani
16

Chondrosteus acipenseroides
18

Acipenser sturio, Common Sturgeon
19

Acipenser rubicundus, Lake Sturgeon
20

Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus, Shovel-nosed Sturgeon
20

Polyodon spathula, Paddle-fish, side-view
21

Polyodon spathula, Paddle-fish, view from below
21

Psephurus gladius
21

Gyrodus hexagonus
22

Mesturus verrucosus
23

Semionotus kapffi
24

Dapedium politum
25

Tetragonolepis semicinctus
26

Isopholis orthostomus
27

Lepisosteus osseus, Long-nosed Garpike
27

Caturus elongatus
28

Notagogus pentlandi
28

Ptycholepis curtus
28

Pholidophorus crenulatus
29

Lepisosteus tristœchus, Alligator-gar
31

Lower Jaw of Amia calva, showing the gular plate
33

Amia calva, Bowfin (female)
35

Megalurus elegantissimus
36

Leptolepis dubius
41

Elops saurus, Ten-pounder
42

Holcolepis lewesiensis
42

Tarpon atlanticus, Tarpon or Grand Écaille
43

Albula vulpes, Lady-fish
44

Chanos chanos, Milkfish
45

Hiodon tergisus, Mooneye
45

Istieus grandis
46

Chirothrix libanicus
46

Skeleton of Portheus molossus
47

Ctenothrissa vexillifera
48

Clupea harengus, Herring
49

Pomolobus pseudoharengus, Alewife
50

Brevoortia tyrannus, Menhaden
51

Diplomystus humilis
52

Dorosoma cepedianum, Hickory-shad
53

Anchovia perthecata, Silver Anchovy
54

Notogoneus osculus
55

Phareodus testis
57

Deposits of Green River Shales, bearing Phareodus, at Fossil, Wyoming
58

A Day's Catch of fossil-fishes, Green River Eocene Shales
59

Alepocephalus agassizii
60

Coregonus williamsoni, Rocky Mountain Whitefish
63

xi

xii

Coregonus clupeiformis, Whitefish
64

Argyrosomus nigripinnis, Bluefin Cisco
66

Stenodus mackenziei, Inconnu
67

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Quinnat Salmon (female)
69

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, King-salmon (grilse)
70

Oncorhynchus nerka, Male Red Salmon
70

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Humpback Salmon (female)
72

Oncorhynchus masou, Masu
72

Oncorhynchus nerka, Red Salmon (mutilated dwarf male after spawning)
76

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Quinnat Salmon (dying after spawning)
77

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Quinnat Salmon
79

Salmo irideus shasta, Rainbow Trout (male)
98

Salmo irideus shasta, Rainbow Trout (female)
99

Salmo rivularis, Steelhead Trout
101

Head of Adult Trout-worm, Dibothrium cordiceps. From intestine of white pelican
103

Median segments of Dibothrium cordiceps
103

Salmo henshawi, Tahoe Trout
104

Salmo stomias, Green-back Trout
105

Salmo macdonaldi, Yellow-fin Trout of Twin Lakes
105

Salmo clarkii spilurus, Rio Grande Trout
106

Salmo clarkii pleuriticus, Colorado River Trout
106

Hucho blackistoni, Ito
107

Salvelinus oquassa, Rangeley Trout
108

Salvelinus aureolus, Sunapee Trout
109

Salvelinus fontinalis, Speckled Trout (male)
110

Salvelinus fontinalis, Speckled Trout
111

Salvelinus malma, Malma Trout
113

Salvelinus malma, Dolly Varden Trout
114

Cristivomer namaycush, Great Lake Trout
114

Plecoglossus altivelis, Ayu, or Japanese Samlet
116

Thymallus signifer, Alaska Grayling
120

Thymallus tricolor, Michigan Grayling
122

Osmerus mordax, Smelt
123

Thaleichthys pretiosus, Eulachon or Ulchen
124

Page of William Clark's Handwriting with Sketch of the Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus)
125

Mallotus villosus, Capelin
126

Salanx hyalocranius, Icefish
128

Stomias ferox
128

Chauliodus sloanei
129

Synodus fætens, Lizard-fish
130

Ipnops murrayi
131

Cetomimus gillii
132

Diaphus lucidus, Headlight-fish
132

Myctophum opalinum, Lantern-fish
133

Ceratoscopelus madeirensis, Lantern-fish
133

Rhinellus furcatus
134

Plagyodus ferox, Lancet-fish
135

Eurypholis sulcidens
136

Eurypholis freyeri
137

Argyropelecus olfersi
137

Aldrovandia gracilis
138

Anguilla chrisypa, Common Eel
143

Anguilla chrisypa, Larva of Common Eel
148

Simenchelys parasiticus, Pug-nosed Eel
149

xiii

Synaphobranchus pinnatus
149

Leptocephalus conger, Conger-eel
150

Larva of Conger-eel, Leptocephalus conger
150

Xyrias revulsus
151

Myrichthys pantostigmius
151

Ophichthus ocellatus
151

Nemichthys avocetta, Thread-eel
152

Jaws of Nemichthys avocetta
152

Muræna retifera
153

Gymnothorax berndti
154

Gymnothorax jordani
155

Gymnothorax moringa, Moray
155

Derichthys serpentinus
156

Gastrostomus bairdi, Gulper-eel
156

Notacanthus phasganorus
158

Inner view of shoulder-girdle of Buffalo-fish (Ictiobus bubalus), showing the mesocoracoid
160

Weberian apparatus and air-bladder of Carp
160

Brycon dentex
162

Pharyngeal bones and teeth of European Chub, Leuciscus cephalus
163

Rhinichthys dulcis, Black-nosed Dace
164

Notropis hudsonius, White Chub
165

Ericymba buccata, Silver-jaw Minnow
165

Notropis whipplei, Silverfin
166

Campostoma anomalum, Stone-roller
167

Head of Day-chub, Exoglossum maxillingua
167

Semotilus atromaculatus, Horned Dace
168

Abramis chrysoleucus, Shiner
168

Ptychocheilus grandis, Squawfish
169

Leuciscus lineatus, Chub of the Great Basin
169

Lower Pharyngeal of Placopharynx duquesnii
171

Erimyzon sucetta, Creekfish or Chub-sucker
172

Ictiobus cyprinella, Buffalo-fish
173

Carpiodes cyprinus, Carp-sucker
173

Catostomus commersoni, Common Sucker
174

Catostomus occidentalis, California Sucker
174

Pharyngeal teeth of Oregon Sucker, Catostomus macrocheilus
175

Xyrauchen cypho, Razor-back Sucker
175

Felichthys felis, Gaff-topsail Cat
179

Galeichthys milberti, Sea Catfish
179

Ictalurus punctatus, Channel Catfish
180

Ameiurus nebulosus, Horned Pout
181

Schilbeodes furiosus, Mad-tom. Showing the poisoned pectoral spine
182

Torpedo electricus, Electric Catfish
183

Chlarias breviceps, African Catfish
185

Loricaria aurea, Mailed Catfish from Venezuela
186

Gnathonemus curvirostris
189

Esox lucius, Pike
191

Esox masquinongy, Muskallunge
192

Umbra pygmæa, Mud-minnow
193

Anableps dovii, Four-eyed Fish
195

Cyprinodon variegatus, Round Minnow
196

Jordanella floridæ, Everglade Minnow
197

Fundulis majalis, Mayfish (male)
198

Fundulis majalis, Mayfish (female)
198

xiv

Zygonectes notatus, Top-minnow
198

Empetrichthys merriami, Death Valley Fish
199

Xiphophorus helleri, Sword-tail Minnow (male)
199

Goodea luitpoldi, a Viviparous Fish
200

Chologaster cornutus, Dismal Swamp Fish
201

Typhlichthys subterraneus, Blind Cave-fish
202

Amblyopsis spelæus, Blindfish of the Mammoth Cave
203

Dallia pectoralis, Alaska Blackfish
206

Tylosurus acus, Needle-fish
210

Scombresox saurus, Saury
212

Hyporhamphus unifasciatus, Halfbeak
212

Fodiator acutus, Sharp-nosed Flying-fish
213

Cypselurus californicus, Catalina Flying-fish
214

Chirostoma humboldtianum, Pescado blanco
217

Kirtlandia vagrans, Silverside or Brit
217

Atherinopsis californiensis, Blue Smelt or Pez del Rey
218

Iso flos-maris, Flower of the Waves
218

Mugil cephalus, Striped Mullet
221

Joturus pichardi, Joturo or Bobo
222

Sphyræna barracuda, Barracuda
223

Cobitopsis acuta
224

Shoulder-girdle of a Threadfin, Polydactylus approximans
225

Polydactylus octonemus, Threadfin
225

Shoulder-girdle of a Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus
227

Shoulder-girdle of Fistularia petimba, showing greatly extended interclavicle, the surface ossified
227

Gasterosteus aculeatus, Three-spined Stickleback
232

Apeltes quadracus, Four-spined Stickleback
232

Aulostomus chinensis, Trumpet-fish
234

Macrorhamphosus sagifue, Japanese Snipefish
234

Æoliscus strigatus, Shrimp-fish
235

Æoliscus heinrichi
235

Solenostomus cyanopterus
237

Hippocampus hudsonius, Sea-horse
238

Zalises umitengu, Sea-moth
240

Percopsis guttatus, Sand-roller
241

Erismatopterus endlicheri
242

Columbia transmontana, Oregon Trout-perch
242

Shoulder-girdle of the Opah, Lampris guttatus (Brünnich), showing the enlarged infraclavicle
243

LigaturesSemiophorus velifer
246

Amphistium paradoxum
247

Zeus faber, John Dory
248

Skull of a Berycoidfish, Beryx splendens, showing the orbitosphenoid
250

Beryx splendens
251

Hoplopteryx lewesiensis
252

Paratrachichthys prosthemius
253

Holocentrus ascenscionis, Soldier-fish
254

Holocentrus ittodai
254

Ostichthys japonicus
255

Monocentris japonicus, Pine-cone Fish
256

Scomber scombrus, Mackerel
260

Germo alalunga, Long-fin Albacore
263

Scomberomorus maculatus, Spanish Mackerel
264

Trichiurus lepturus, Cutlass-fish
268

xv

Palæorhynchus glarisianus
268

Xiphias gladius, Young Swordfish
269

Xiphias gladius, Swordfish
270

Naucrates ductor, Pilot-fish
273

Seriola lalandi, Amber-fish
273

Trachurus trachurus, Saurel
274

Carangus chrysos, Yellow Mackerel
275

Trachinotus carolinus, the Pampano
277

Cheilodipterus saltatrix, Bluefish
279

Rachycentron canadum, Sergeant-fish
282

Peprilus paru, Harvest-fish
284

Gobiomorus gronovii, Portuguese Man-of-War Fish
285

Coryphæna hippurus, Dolphin or Dorado
287

Mene maculata
288

Gasteronemus rhombeus
289

Pempheris mulleri, Catalufa de lo Alto
289

Pempheris nyctereutes
290

Luvarus imperialis, Louvar
290

Aphredoderus sayanus, Pirate Perch
295

Elassoma evergladei, Everglade Pigmy Perch
295

Skull of the Rock Bass, Ambloplites rupestris
296

Pomoxis annularis, Crappie
297

Pomoxis annularis, Crappie (from life)
298

Ambloplites rupestris, Rock Bass
299

Mesogonistius chætodon, Banded Sunfish
299

Lepomis pallidus, Blue-gill
300

Lepomis megalotis, Long-eared Sunfish
300

Eupomotis gibbosus, Common Sunfish
301

Micropterus dolomieu, Small Mouth Black Bass
303

Micropterus salmoides, Large Mouth Black Bass
305

Perca flavescens, Yellow perch
308

Stizostedion canadense, Sauger
309

Aspro asper, Aspron
309

Zingel zingel, Zingel
310

Percina caprodes, Log-perch
311

Hadropterus aspro, Black-sided Darter
311

Diplesion blennioides, Green-sided Darter
312

Boleosoma olmstedi, Tessellated Darter
312

Crystallaria asprella, Crystal Darter
313

Ammocrypta clara, Sand-darter
313

Etheostoma jordani
314

Etheostoma camurum, Blue-breasted Darter
314

Apogon retrosella, Cardinal-fish
316

Telescopias gilberti, Kuromutsu
318

Apogon semilineatus
319

Oxylabrax undecimalis, Robalo
319

Morone americana, White Perch
322

Promicrops itaiara, Florida Jewfish
323

Epinephelus striatus, Nassau Grouper: Cherna criolla
324

Epinephelus drummond-hayi, John Paw or Speckled Hind
325

Epinephelus morio, Red Grouper
325

Epinephelus adscensionis, Red Hind
326

Mycteroperca venenosa, Yellow-fin Grouper
327

xvi

xvii

Hypoplectrus unicolor nigricans
328

Epinephelus niveatus, Snowy Grouper
329

Rypticus bistrispinus, Soapfish
330

Lobotes surinamensis, Flasher
331

Priacanthus arenatus, Catalufa
331

Pseudopriacanthus altus, Bigeye
332

Lutianus griseus, Gray Snapper
334

Lutianus apodus, Schoolmaster
335

Hoplopagrus guntheri
336

Lutianus synagris, Lane Snapper or Biajaiba
336

Ocyurus chrysurus, Yellow-tail Snapper
337

Etelis oculatus, Cachucho
337

Xenocys jessiæ
338

Aphareus furcatus
339

Hæmulon plumieri, Grunt
340

Anisotremus virginicus, Porkfish
341

Pagrus major, Red Tai of Japan
342

Ebisu, the Fish-god of Japan, bearing a Red Tai
343

Stenotomus chrysops, Scup
344

Calamus bajonado, Jolt-head Porgy
345

Calamus proridens, Little-head Porgy
345

Diplodus holbrooki
346

Archosargus unimaculatus, Salema, Striped Sheepshead
347

Xystæma cinereum, Mojarra
348

Gerres olisthostomus, Irish Pampano
349

Kyphosus sectatrix, Chopa or Rudder-fish
349

Apomotis cyanellus, Blue-green Sunfish
350

Pseudupeneus maculatus, Red Goatfish or Salmonete
351

Mullus auratus, Golden Surmullet
352

Cynoscion nebulosus, Spotted Weakfish
353

Bairdiella chrysura, Mademoiselle
355

Sciænops ocellata, Red Drum
356

Umbrina sinaloæ, Yellow-fin Roncador
357

Menticirrhus americanus, Kingfish
357

Pogonias chromis, Drum
358

Gnathypops evermanni
359

Opisthognathus macrognathus, Jawfish
359

Opisthognathus nigromarginatus
360

Chiasmodon niger, Black Swallower
360

Cirrhitus rivulatus
364

Trichodon trichodon, Sandfish
364

Anabas scandens, Climbing Perch
366

Channa formosana
371

Ophicephalus barca, Snake-headed China-fish
371

Cymatogaster aggregatus, White Surf-fish
372

Hysterocarpus traski, Fresh-water Viviparous Perch
373

Hypsurus caryi
373

Damalichthys argyrosomus, White Surf-fish
374

Rhacochilus toxotes, Thick-lipped Surf-fish
374

Hypocritichthys analis, Silver Surf-fish, Viviparous
375

Hysterocarpus traski, Viviparous Perch (male)
379

Hypsypops rubicunda, Garibaldi
382

Pomacentrus leucostictus, Damsel-fish
382

xviii

Glyphisodon marginatus, Cockeye Pilot
383

Microspathodon dorsalis, Indigo Damsel-fish
384

Tautoga onitis, Tautog
384

Tautoga onitis, Tautog
386

Lachnolaimus falcatus, Capitaine or Hogfish
387

Xyrichthys psittacus, Razor-fish
388

Pimelometopon pulcher, Redfish (male)
389

Lepidaplois perditio
389

Pharyngeals of Italian Parrot-fish, Sparisoma cretense. a, Upper; b, Lower
391

Jaws of Parrot-fish, Calotomus xenodon
391

Cryptotomus beryllinus
391

Sparisoma hoplomystax
392

Sparisoma abildgaardi, Red Parrot-fish
392

Jaws of Blue Parrot-fish, Scarus cæruleus
393

Upper pharyngeals of a Parrot-fish, Scarus strongylocephalus
393

Lower pharyngeals of a Parrot-fish, Scarus strongylocephalus
393

Scarus emblematicus
394

Scarus cæruleus, Blue Parrot-fish
394

Scarus vetula, Parrot-fish
395

Halichæres bivittatus, Slippery Dick or Doncella, a fish of the coral-reefs
399

Monodactylus argenteus
397

Psettus sebæ
399

Chætodipterus faber, Spadefish
401

Chætodon capistratus, Butterfly-fish
402

Pomacanthus arcuatus, Black Angel-fish
403

Holacanthus ciliaris, Angel-fish or Isabelita
404

Holacanthus tricolor, Rock Beauty
405

Zanclus canescens, Moorish Idol
406

Teuthis cæruleus, Blue Tang
407

Teuthis bahianus, Brown Tang
408

Balistes carolinensis, Trigger-fish
412

Osbeckia lævis, File-fish
414

Amanses scopas, Needle-bearing File-fish
414

Stephanolepis hispidus, Common File-fish
415

Lactophrys tricornis, Horned Trunkfish, Cowfish, or Cuckold
416

Ostracion cornutum, Horned Trunkfish
416

Lactophrys bicaudalis, Spotted Trunkfish
416

Lactophrys bicaudalis, Spotted Trunkfish (face view)
417

Lactophrys triqueter, Spineless Trunkfish
417

Lactophrys trigonus, Hornless Trunkfish
418

Skeleton of the Cowfish, Lactophrys tricornis
418

Lagocephalus lævigatus, Silvery Puffer
419

Spheroides spengleri, Puffer, Inflated
420

Spheroides maculatus, Puffer
420

Tetraodon meleagris
421

Tetraodon setosus, Bristly Globefish
422

Diodon hystrix, Porcupine-fish
422

Chilomycterus schœpfi, Rabbit-fish
423

Mola mola, Headfish (adult)
424

Ranzania makua, King of the Mackerel, from Honolulu
425

Sebastes marinus, Rosefish
427

Skull of Scorpænichthys marmoratus
427

Sebastolobus altivelis
428

Sebastodes mystinus, Priest-fish
430

xix

Sebastichthys serriceps
431

Sebastichthys nigrocinctus, Banded Rockfish
432

Scorpæna grandicornis, Lion-fish
433

Scorpæna mystes, Sea-scorpion
434

Pterois volitans, Lion-fish or Sausolele
435

Emmydrichthys vulcanus, Black Nohu or Poison-fish
436

Snyderina yamanokami
437

Trachicephalus uranoscopus
438

Anoplopoma fimbria, Skilfish
438

Pleurogrammus monopterygius, Atka-fish
439

Hexagrammos decagrammus, Greenling
440

Ophiodon elongatus, Cultus Cod
440

Jordania zonope
442

Astrolytes notospilotus
442

Hemilepidotus jordani, Irish Lord
443

Triglops pingeli
443

Enophrys bison, Buffalo Sculpin
443

Ceratocottus diceraus
444

Elanura forficata
444

Cottus punctulatus, Yellowstone Miller's Thumb
444

Uranidea tenuis, Miller's Thumb
445

Cottus evermanni
445

Cottus gulosus, California Miller's Thumb
446

Myxocephalus niger, Pribilof Sculpin
446

Myxocephalus octodecimspinosus, 18-spined Sculpin
447

Oncocottus quadricornis
447

Blepsias cirrhosus
448

Hemitripterus americanus, Sea-raven
448

Oligocottus maculosus
449

Ereunias grallator
450

Psychrolutes paradoxus, Sleek Sculpin
451

Gilbertidia sigolutes
451

Rhamphocottus richardsoni, Richardson's Sculpin
451

Stelgis vulsus
451

Draciscus sachi
452

Pallasina barbata, Agonoid-fish
453

Aspidophoroides monopterygius
453

Cyclopterus lumpus, Lumpfish
454

Crystallias matsushimæ, Liparid
454

Neoliparis mucosus, Snailfish
455

Prionotus evolans, Sea-robin
456

Cephalacanthus volitans, Flying Gurnard
457

Peristedion miniatum
457

Philypnus dormitor, Guavina de Rio
460

Eleotris pisonis, Dormeur
460

Dormitator maculatus, Guavina mapo
461

Vireosa hanæ
461

Gobionellus oceanicus, Esmeralda de Mar
461

Pterogobius daimio
462

Aboma etheostoma, Darter Goby
462

Gillichthys mirabilis, Long-jawed Goby
463

Boleophthalmus chinensis, Pond-skipper
466

Periophthalmus barbarus, Mud-skippy
466

Eutæniichthys gillii
467

xx

Leptecheneis naucrates, Sucking-fish or Pegador
468

Rhombochirus osteochir
469

Regalecus russelli, Glesnæs Oarfish
476

Trachypterus rex-salmonorum, Dealfish or King of the Salmon
478

Young Flounder just hatched
482

Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Larval Flounder
483

Larval Stages of Platophrys podas, a Flounder
484

Platophrys lunatus, Peacock Flounder
485

Heterocercal Tail of Young Trout, Salmo fario
486

Homocercal Tail of a Flounder, Paralichthys californicus
486

Lophopsetta maculata, Window-pane
487

Syacium papillosum, Wide-eyed Flounder
488

Etropus crossotus
489

Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Halibut
492

Paralichthys dentatus, Wide-mouthed Flounder
493

Liopsetta putnami, Eel-back Flounder
494

Platichthys stellatus, Starry Flounder
495

Achirus lineatus, Hog-choker Sole
496

Symphurus plagiusa
498

Pteropsaron evolans
502

Bathymaster signatus
503

Ariscopus iburius
504

Astroscopus guttatus, Star-gazer
505

Neoclinus satiricus, Sarcastic Blenny
507

Gibbonsia evides, Kelp Blenny
508

Blennius cristatus
508

Alticus atlanticus, Rock-skipper
509

Alticus saliens, Lizard-skipper
509

Emblemaria atlantica
510

Scartichthys enosimæ, Fish of the rock-pools of the sacred island of Enoshima, Japan
510

Zacalles bryope
511

Bryostemma tarsodes
511

Exerpes asper
511

Pholis gunnellus, Gunnel
512

Xiphistes chirus
512

Ozorthe dictyogramma
513

Stichæus punctatus
513

Bryostemma otohime
514

Ptilichthys goodei, Quillfish
514

Blochius longirostris
514

Xiphasia setifera
515

Cryptacanthodes maculatus, Wrymouth
516

Anarhichas lupus, Wolf-fish
517

Skull of Anarrhichthys ocellatus
517

Zoarces anguillaris, Eel-pout
518

Lycodes reticulatus, Eel-pout
519

Lycenchelys verrilli
519

Scytalina cerdale
519

Rissola marginata, Cusk-eel
520

Lycodapus dermatinus
520

Ammodytes americanus, Sand-lance
521

Embolichthys mitsukurii
521

Fierasfer dubius, Pearlfish, Embedded in Pearl
522

Fierasfer acus, Pearlfish
523

xxi