Guide to common natural enemies of the Nantucket pine tip moth

30 Pages·2001·4.1 MB·English

Historic, Archive Document
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— aSB608
2-0P0615 G85+ s“F orest Health Technology
Enterprise Team
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
Guide to Common Natural Enemies
of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth
John T. Nowak
Christopher J. Fettig
Kenneth W. McCravy
Christopher S. Asaro
Katja C. Seltmann
Richard C. Reardon
C. Wayne Berisford
Forest HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE TEAM Morgantown, West Virginia
US DA United States
Department Forest FHTET-2001-02
| of Agriculture Service May 2001
Acknowledgmer
abe authors Woure me to tank Erica Cniao (university of Georgia), tor drawing the wing
illustrations and Joseph McHugh (University of Georgia), for allowing use of the necessary
photographic equipment and reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank
Richard Garland (University of Georgia), for helping with field collections and rearing of
parasitoid specimens. Some of the specimens were also obtained from Cecil Smith (Georgia
Museum of Natural History). The taxonomic key to adult parasitoids is a modified version of
the key developed by H.O. Yates III and published in 1967. The work was supported in part by
funds from the University of Georgia Pine Tip Moth Research Consortium and the USDA Forest
Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. We thank
Lennie Eav for editing, layout and graphic design, and Lisa Fitzpatrick for printing advice and
coordination of the manuscript.
On the Cover
rytoma pini is one of the most abundant tip moth parasitoids in North America. On the half page, photo
shows the damage of Nantucket pine tip moth.
Additional Copies
or additional copies of this publication, please contact John Nowak in Athens, Georgia at
(706) 542-2264 (email: [email protected]) or Richard Reardon at (304) 285-1566
(email: [email protected]).
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Printed on recycled paper
Guide to Common Natural Enemies
of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth
John T. Nowak
Christopher J. Fettig
Kenneth W. McCravy
Christopher S. Asaro Usp
Katja C. Seltmann ‘A. Ny
Richard C. Reardon C Al
C. Wayne Berisford W/o
Yn
USDA Forest Service
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
Morgantown, WV

Contents
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KEvaOPADUETS OF PARASITOIDS OF THE NANTUCKET, PINE TIP MOTH ®....22.-...5.. 18
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FIGURES
Fig. la-b. (a) The larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth reduce tree growth
by mining tree buds and shoots, while (b) the pupae can be found inside
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Contents
Fig. 2a-b. Clerids, or checkered beetles, have long bodies covered with
bristly hairs. Phyllobaenus spp. are the most common insect predators
of tip moth. Shown are: (a) an adult, and (b) larvae of Phyllobaenus spp. .......272..= 3
Fig. 3a-b. Tachinids are robust flies: (a) an adult, and (b) a larva (left)
and pupa (right) of Lixophaga mediocris. Lixophaga mediocris is the only
fly species that is a well-known tip Moth parasitoid. ........:sceeereeesee eeeree eeertetese es 4
Fig. 4. Forewings of braconids have one recurrent vein (or NOME) 2- ci keepetrees e ee 6
Fig. 5. Agathis acrobasidis is a larval tip moth parasitoid. ........:.:cseeeeee reteset: 6
Fig. 6. Bracon sp. is a larval tip moth parasitoid consistently found in tip moth
Parasitoid StUCIeS. .........ccssseesseseeeseteeeteeteeteetseersesseesseessesenseeeseessenseetsenaeenasenseensseonns e q]
Fig. 7. Macrocentrus ancylivorus is a larval tip moth parasitoid. ..........:scseeeeeeeees 7
Fig. 8. Ichneumonids have forewings with two recurrent VEINS. .......:.:sesseeeereereeeeeees ii
Fig. 9. Campoplex frustranae is a pupal tip moth parasitoid. ............s:ceseseseessesseeseees 8
Fig. 10. Itoplectis conquisitor, a pupal tip moth parasitoid, is occasionally
hyperparasitic on ichneumonid and braconid pupae. ............ssceessseessseeessceesseeeseseeenees 9
Fig. 11. Temelucha sp. is a larval tip moth parasitoid, ...............-:-.ccceecssne1-sesostaneossenese 9
Fig. 12. Reduced wing venation representative of Chalcidoidea. ............-....0-+0.--++s 10
Fig. 13. Eggs of the pitch pine tip moth, Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald),
parasitized by Trichogramma sp. (R. frustrana eggs are laid singly).
Parasitized’egos have a distinctly blackened appearance 2....e.:s screener yyeseeet 10
Fig. 14. Hyssopus rhyacioniae is a highly gregarious larval tip moth
DATASILOIC. 21... issreeneocavsntcesosabecaipenen eeolses asgess oansdsmtneaemase nstds gnsseesvve eentee taue rtcamtoeasm se ee lI
Fig. 15. Eupelmus cyaniceps is generally a gregarious larval tip moth
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Fig. 16. Perilampus fulvicornis is a larval and pupal tip moth parasitoid
and a hyperparasitoid of C. frustranae and perhaps also of E. Pini. ..........:::00.cccceeee 12
Fig. 17a-b. Eurytoma pini is one of the most abundant tip moth parasitoids
in North America. Shown are: a female (a)yand amale (b)e9. teers 13
Fig. 18. Conura side is largely hyperparasitic on Lamediocris2.....3- ee 14
Fig. 19. Haltichella rhyacioniae is a pupal tip moth parasitoid. ..............s.:00:.+«+eceeoes 14
Fig. 20. Forewings of Goniozus spp. have a closed median cell
and reduced Venatlonics .csccsat cers ceorsee st eee ete: eee ee ee en 15
Fig. 21. Members of the genus Goniozus are generally small with an
elongate, rectangular head and prognathus mouthparts...1.:e:eem ce.eces ce e 15
Guide to Common Natural Enemies
of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth
John T. Nowak', Christopher J. Fettig', Kenneth W. McCravy’
Christopher S. Asaro', Katja C. Seltmann'
Richard C. Reardon’, C. Wayne Berisford'
Introduction
he Nantucket pine tip moth,
Rhyacionia frustrana
(Comstock) (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae), is a native pest of
young pine plantations in the
southern U.S. and is becoming
more important because of its
potential to reduce economic gains
associated with the use of intensive
forest management practices
(Nowak and Berisford 2000).
Larvae of the Nantucket pine tip
moth (Fig. 1a) reduce tree growth
by mining tree buds and shoots.
This insect has 2-5 generations
per year and the pupal stage (Fig.
1b) can be found inside the
shoots, where it overwinters.
Natural enemies are considered
to be important regulators of tip
moth populations, causing
greater than 50% mortality
(Gargiullo and Berisford 1983),
and recent research projects have
dealt with their conservation
(McCravy and Berisford, in press;
McCravy and others, 2001).
Two parasitoid species have also Fig. 1a-b. (a) The larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth
been successfully introduced into reduce tree growth by mining tree buds and shoots, while
epidemic tip moth populations (b) the pupae can be found inside the shoots, where the
pupae overwinter.
(Swenk 1927, Wadley 1932,
'Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois
3USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Teachnology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia
Webagere(teqareyo|
Scriven and Luck 1978), and there has been natural enemies and account for 75%, 92%,
a successful release of an egg parasitoid (Orr 91%, and 95% of the tip moth parasitism
and others 2000). However, many questions reported in the four most extensive studies
remain about the most effective means to conducted (Eikenbary and Fox 1965, Freeman
conserve natural enemies and their impact and Berisford 1979, Lashomb and others
on tip moth populations. Therefore, there is 1980, and McCravy and Berisford 2000,
a need for more research on tip moth natural respectively). In order to effectively use this
enemies, but there is no extensive reference guide, some basic entomological training is
collection available for help with their assumed although a glossary of terms is
identification. provided.
This guide is intended to help people Insect orders and families are arranged in
recognize the more common and important phylogenetic order, according to Borror and
natural enemies of the Nantucket pine tip others (1989). All references to tip moth refer
moth. It is not intended to be a to R. frustrana and not to any of its
comprehensive review of all natural enemies congeneric species (unless otherwise
associated with tip moth or a complete indicated). References to parasitoids of larval
taxonomic key. tip moth indicate parasitoids of larval tip
moth that complete development in the larval
Yates’ (1967) key to parasitoid species
stage, and parasitoids of pupal tip moth refer
provides a more complete review of
to parasitoids that complete development in
taxonomic characters. The species (or
the pupal stage.
species groups) included in this guide have
been identified in most surveys of tip moth
Tetacelettresdtese)