Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders, 2nd ...

688 Pages·2007·6.95 MB·English

Guide for the Selection of Personal
Protective Equipment for Emergency
First Responders
Preparedness Directorate Office of Grants and Training
Guide 102–06
January 2007
2nd Edition
Homeland
Security
Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for
nd
Emergency First Responders, 2 Edition

Guide 102–06
Supersedes NIJ Guide 102–00, Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment
for Emergency First Responders, Volume I, dated November 2002

1
Dr. Alim A. Fatah
2
Richard D. Arcilesi, Jr.
2
Lee Charpentier
2
Charlotte H. Lattin
2
Janna Mundinger
2
Tom Tassinari
2
Aaron Richardson

Coordination by:
Office of Law Enforcement Standards
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD 20899–8102

Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Preparedness Directorate
Office of Grants and Training
Systems Support Division
810 7th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20531

January 2007

1
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Law Enforcement Standards.
2
Battelle.
This guide was prepared for the Preparedness Directorate’s Office of Grants and Training (G&T)
Systems Support Division (SSD) by the Office of Law Enforcement Standards at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under Interagency Agreement 94–IJ–R–004,
Project No. 99–060–CBW. It was also prepared under CBIAC contract No. SPO700–D–3180
and Interagency Agreement M92361 between NIST and the Department of Defense Technical
Information Center (DTIC).

The authors wish to thank Ms. Kathleen Higgins of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) for programmatic support and for numerous valuable discussions concerning
the contents of this document.

We also wish to acknowledge the InterAgency Board (IAB) for Equipment Standardization and
Interoperability and the Responder Knowledge Base (RKB). The IAB (made up of government
and first responder representatives) was established to ensure equipment standardization and
interoperability and to oversee the research and development of advanced technologies to assist
first responders at the State and local levels in establishing and maintaining a robust crisis and
consequence management capability. The RKB, supported under Award Number MIPT106–
113–2000–002, Project Responder, from the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of
Terrorism (MIPT) and the Office of Grants and Training, Preparedness Directorate, U.S.
Department of Homeland Security, has been built specifically to serve the needs of emergency
responders. The RKB contains information on currently available products, along with related
information such as standards, training, and grants.

We also sincerely thank all vendors who provided us with information about their products.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT I: Approved For Public Release; Distribution Is
Unlimited.

DISCLAIMER: Reference in this guide to any specific commercial product, process, or
service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply
the endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions contained in this guide are those
of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Homeland
Security or any agency thereof.
FOREWORD:

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Secretary, Preparedness Directorate
Office of Grants and Training (G&T) Systems Support Division (SSD) develops and implements
preparedness and prevention programs to enhance the capability of Federal, state and local
governments, and the private sector to prevent, deter and respond to terrorist incidents involving
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) devices. The Preparedness
Directorate Office of G&T administers comprehensive programs of direct and grant support for
training, exercises, equipment acquisition, technology transfer, and technical assistance to
enhance the nation’s preparedness for CBRNE acts of terrorism. The Preparedness Directorate
Office of G&T SSD works closely with other ODP divisions and Homeland Security
professionals gaining an intimate understanding of the emergency responder technology needs
and shortfalls. In addition, SSD conducts commercial technology assessments and
demonstrations, and transfers equipment directly to the emergency responders. As part of the
Congressional FY–03 funding, SSD was tasked with developing CBRNE technology guides and
standards for the emergency responder community. This is one of several guides that will aid
emergency responders in the selection of CBRNE technology.

iii
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
CONTENTS

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................. iii
CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................................v
COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................... xi
ABOUT THIS GUIDE ................................................................................................................ xiii
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1–1
2. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.........................................................................2–1
2.1 Purpose of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).........................................................2–1
2.2 Components of Personal Protective Equipment ............................................................2–2
2.2.1 Percutaneous Protection ......................................................................................2–2
2.2.2 Respiratory Protection.........................................................................................2–3
2.3 NIOSH and NFPA CBRN PPE Standards ....................................................................2–4
2.3.1 EPA Protection Levels ........................................................................................2–4
2.3.2 NFPA Performance and Certification Standards ................................................2–4
2.3.3 NIOSH CBRN Standards ....................................................................................2–7
3. INTRODUCTION TO THE CBRN THREATS...................................................................3–1
3.1 Chemical Agents............................................................................................................3–1
3.1.1 Nerve Agents.......................................................................................................3–1
3.1.2 Blister Agents (Vesicants)...................................................................................3–3
3.2 Toxic Industrial Chemicals/Toxic Industrial Materials.................................................3–6
3.2.1 General ................................................................................................................3–6
3.2.2 TIC Rankings ......................................................................................................3–7
3.3 Biological Agents ........................................................................................................3–10
3.3.1 Bacterial Agents ................................................................................................3–10
3.3.2 Viral Agents ......................................................................................................3–13
3.3.3 Biological Toxins ..............................................................................................3–15
3.4 Radiological/Nuclear Materials...................................................................................3–17
3.4.1 Terminology......................................................................................................3–18
3.4.2 Types of Radiation ............................................................................................3–18
3.4.3 Properties of Radiological/Nuclear Materials ...................................................3–20
3.4.4 Pathways of Exposure .......................................................................................3–21
3.4.5 Physiological Signs and Symptoms ..................................................................3–22
3.4.6 Physical Effects of Nuclear Explosion..............................................................3–24
4. PROTECTIVE GARMENTS, FOOTWEAR, AND GLOVES............................................4–1
4.1 Standards and Requirements .........................................................................................4–1
4.1.1 OSHA EPA Levels of Protection........................................................................4–2
4.1.2 NFPA Standards..................................................................................................4–3
4.1.3 Certifying Organizations .....................................................................................4–9
4.2 Protective Garments ......................................................................................................4–9
4.2.1 Market Survey.....................................................................................................4–9
4.2.2 Selection Factors ...............................................................................................4–12
4.2.3 Evaluation Results.............................................................................................4–18
4.3 Protective Footwear.....................................................................................................4–23
4.3.1 Market Survey...................................................................................................4–23
4.3.2 Selection Factors ...............................................................................................4–25
v
4.3.3 Evaluation Results.............................................................................................4–31
4.4 Protective Gloves.........................................................................................................4–34
4.4.1 Market Survey...................................................................................................4–34
4.4.2 Selection Factors for Protective Gloves ............................................................4–37
4.4.3 Evaluation Results.............................................................................................4–43
5. APRs, PAPRs, SCBAs, and ESCAPE RESPIRATORS.......................................................5–1
5.1 Air-Purifying Respirators ..............................................................................................5–1
5.1.1 Standards and Requirements ...............................................................................5–2
5.1.2 Market Survey Results ........................................................................................5–3
5.1.3 Selection Factors for APRs .................................................................................5–3
5.1.4 Evaluation of APRs.............................................................................................5–7
5.2 Powered Air-Purifying Respirators .............................................................................5–16
5.2.1 Standards and Requirements .............................................................................5–17
5.2.2 Market Survey Results ......................................................................................5–18
5.2.3 Selection Factors for PAPRs.............................................................................5–18
5.2.4 Evaluation of PAPRs.........................................................................................5–24
5.3 Self-Contained Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators ...................................................5–35
5.3.1 Standards and Requirements .............................................................................5–37
5.3.2 Market Survey Results ......................................................................................5–38
5.3.3 Selection Factors for SCBAs ............................................................................5–38
5.3.4 Evaluation of SCBAs ........................................................................................5–41
5.4 Escape Respirators.......................................................................................................5–55
5.4.1 Standards and Requirements .............................................................................5–56
5.4.2 Market Survey Results ......................................................................................5–57
5.4.3 Selection Factors for Escape Respirators ..........................................................5–58
5.4.4 Evaluation of Escape Respirators......................................................................5–61
6. MICROCLIMATE COOLING (MCC) TECHNOLOGIES .................................................6–1
6.1 Standards and Requirements .........................................................................................6–1
6.2 Market Survey Results...................................................................................................6–2
6.2.1 Passive Evaporative ............................................................................................6–2
6.2.2 Passive Phase Change .........................................................................................6–3
6.2.3 Conditioned Air...................................................................................................6–5
6.2.4 Liquid Cooled......................................................................................................6–6
6.3 Selection Factors for MCC Technologies .....................................................................6–8
6.3.1 Cooling Unit Weight ...........................................................................................6–9
6.3.2 Cooling Garment Weight ....................................................................................6–9
6.3.3 Readiness.............................................................................................................6–9
6.3.4 Cooling Capacity.................................................................................................6–9
6.3.5 Heat Removal Rate .............................................................................................6–9
6.3.6 Compatibility.......................................................................................................6–9
6.3.7 Monitoring and Control.......................................................................................6–9
6.3.8 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................6–10
6.3.9 Shock and Vibration..........................................................................................6–10
6.3.10 Durability .........................................................................................................6–10
6.3.11 Portability.........................................................................................................6–10
6.4 Evaluation of MCC Technologies ...............................................................................6–10
vi
APPENDIX A—REFERENCES................................................................................................A–1
APPENDIX B—IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH VALUES
(IDLH) .............................................................................................................B–1
APPENDIX C—ENSEMBLE DATA FIELDS .........................................................................C–1
APPENDIX D—ENSEMBLE INDEX AND DATA SHEETS.................................................D–1
APPENDIX E—ENSEMBLES NOT EVALUATED (NOT EVALUATED) INDEX AND
DATA SHEETS............................................................................................... E–1
APPENDIX F—PROTECTIVE FOOTWEAR DATA FIELDS ............................................... F–1
APPENDIX G—PROTECTIVE FOOTWEAR INDEX AND DATA SHEETS ......................G–1
APPENDIX H—PROTECTIVE GLOVES DATA FIELDS.....................................................H–1
APPENDIX I—PROTECTIVE GLOVES INDEX AND DATA SHEETS ............................... I–1
APPENDIX J—APR DATA FIELDS......................................................................................... J–1
APPENDIX K—APR INDEX AND DATA SHEETS ..............................................................K–1
APPENDIX L—PAPR DATA FIELDS..................................................................................... L–1
APPENDIX M—PAPR INDEX AND DATA SHEETS ..........................................................M–1
APPENDIX N—SCBA DATA FIELDS....................................................................................N–1
APPENDIX O—SCBA INDEX AND DATA SHEETS............................................................O–1
APPENDIX P—ESCAPE RESPIRATOR DATA FIELDS ...................................................... P–1
APPENDIX Q—ESCAPE RESPIRATOR INDEX AND DATA SHEETS..............................Q–1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4–1. Zytron™ 500 Z5HTN NFPA 1994 Class 1 Certified Ensemble, Kappler, Inc.......4–4
®
Figure 4–2. DTAPS NFPA 1994, Class 2 Certified System,
GEOMET Technologies, LLC. ...............................................................................4–5
®
Figure 4–3. Tychem CPF 3, Coverall with Long Overhood, DuPont Personal Protection ......4–6
®
Figure 4–4. Trellchem HPS Type T/TE from Trelleborg Viking, Inc......................................4–8
Figure 4–5. Tactix MT-94™, Lion Apparel ...............................................................................4–9
®
Figure 4–6. Trellechem VPS/VP1, Trelleborg Viking, Inc. ...................................................4–11
®
Figure 4–7. Tychem TK, Front Entry Level A Garment, DuPont Personal Protection..........4–11
Figure 4–8. CLD 420 Class 3 Protective Coverall, Paul Boyé.................................................4–11
®
Figure 4–9. DTAPS NFPA 1994, Class 2 Certified System, GEOMET Technologies .........4–11
Figure 4–10. ITAP (Improved Toxicological Agent Protective) Ensemble, Saint-Gobain
Performance Plastics .............................................................................................4–12
Figure 4–11. SEA/HPS, Safety Equipment America, Inc. ........................................................4–12
Figure 4–12. Hazmax Kneeboot (16 in), Onguard Industries LLC ...........................................4–24
Figure 4–13. HazProof, Tingley Rubber Corporation ...............................................................4–24
Figure 4–14. Thorogood Neoprene Rubber Structural and Haz-Mat Fire Boot,
Weinbrenner Shoe Company ...............................................................................4–24
Figure 4–15. Servus Black Vinyl Overshoe, North Safety Products.........................................4–24
Figure 4–16. Airboss Lightweight Overboot (ALO), Airboss Defense.....................................4–24
Figure 4–17. Chemical Protective Boot Liner, Lanx Fabric Systems .......................................4–25
Figure 4–18. Integrated boots and pants ....................................................................................4–25
Figure 4–19. Viton outer glove and Silvershield-SSG inner glove, North Safety Products......4–35
Figure 4–20. Neoprene outer glove and Barrier inner glove, Ansell Healthcare ......................4–36
Figure 4–21. Kevlar Glove, Perfect Fit Glove Company ..........................................................4–36
vii
Figure 4–22. Neoprene Rubber Glove, Guardian Manufacturing Company.............................4–36
TM
Figure 4–23. ONEGlove , Saint-Gobain Corporation ............................................................4–37
TM ®
Figure 4–24. GORE Chempak Ultra Barrier Glove System, W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc. .....................................................................................................4–37
Figure 5–1. CBRN M53, Avon Protection Systems ...................................................................5–8
Figure 5–2. CBRN C50, Avon Protection Systems....................................................................5–9
®
Figure 5–3. Millennium CBRN gas mask, Mine Safety Appliances Comp ...........................5–10
Figure 5–4. CBRN/M120 APR, Scott Health & Safety............................................................5–10
Figure 5–5. Opti-Fit™ CBRN Gas Mask, Survivair Respirators, Inc. .....................................5–11
Figure 5–6. Full Facepiece FR-7800B Facepiece, from 3M ....................................................5–12
Figure 5–7. Panorama Nova, Dräger Safety .............................................................................5–12
Figure 5–8. CBRN Ultra Elite Gas Mask, Mine Safety Appliances Company. .......................5–13
Figure 5–9. 54500 Series Gas Mask, North Safety Products....................................................5–14
Figure 5–10. CBRN FM12, Avon Protection Systems..............................................................5–15
Figure 5–11. 3M™ FR-M40 Facepiece, 3M .............................................................................5–15
Figure 5–12. CBRN/M110 Air Purifying Respirator, Scott Health & Safety ...........................5–16
Figure 5–13. Rapid Response Powered Air Supply (RRPAS™) 6000 Series, 3M...................5–26
Figure 5–14. PA40 Series Full Facepiece PAPR, Bullard.........................................................5–27
Figure 5–15. FR2 First Responder PAPR, Global Secure Safety..............................................5–27
Figure 5–16. Optimair 6A PAPR, Mine Safety Appliances Company......................................5–28
Figure 5–17. SEA SE400-AT-2, Safety Equipment of America (SEA)....................................5–29
Figure 5–18. C420 PAPR, SafetyTech International, Inc..........................................................5–30
Figure 5–19. Proflow 3, Scott Health & Safety .........................................................................5–30
Figure 5–20. TST/SWEDE Butyl PAPR, First Line Technology, LLC....................................5–31
Figure 5–21. 3M™ Breathe Easy™ (BE) 10 Butyl Rubber Hood PAPR System, 3M.............5–32
Figure 5–22. Sentinel XL™, ILC Dover, Inc. ...........................................................................5–32
®
Figure 5–23. OptimAir 6HC (Health Care) PAPR, Mine Safety Appliances Company.........5–33
Figure 5–24. PureAir C8 PAPR System, TVI Corporation. ......................................................5–34
Figure 5–25. FR3–84 First Responder PAPR, Global Secure Safety........................................5–34
Figure 5–26. PureAir K7 PAPR System, TVI Corporation.......................................................5–35
® ®
Figure 5–27. AirBoss PSS100 Plus and AirBoss Evolution Plus, Dräger Safety, Inc. .........5–44
Figure 5–28. Pioneer Pro 2002, Global Secure Safety ..............................................................5–45
Figure 5–29. Viking DX/DXL, International Safety Instruments .............................................5–46
Figure 5–30. Viking ST, International Safety Instruments........................................................5–47
Figure 5–31. Spiromatic S4, Interspiro......................................................................................5–48
Figure 5–32. Spirotek T4, Interspiro..........................................................................................5–49
® ®
Figure 5–33. Custom 4500 MMR XTreme Air Mask SCBA and FireHawk™ MMR
Regulator, Mine Safety Appliances Company......................................................5–50
® ®
Figure 5–34. Ultralite MMR Xtreme Air Mask SCBA and FireHawk™ MMR
Regulator, Mine Safety Appliances Company......................................................5–51
®
Figure 5–35. Air-Pak Fifty™ Series SCBA, Scott Health and Safety.....................................5–52
TM
Figure 5–36. NxG2 Air-Pak Series SCBA, Scott Health and Safety .....................................5–53
Figure 5–37. Panther CBRN SCBA, Survivair..........................................................................5–54
Figure 5–38. Supercritical Air Mobility Pack (SCAMP) SCBA, Supercritical Thermal
Systems ................................................................................................................5–55
Figure 5–39. EH20 Escape Hood and Foil Pouch, Avon Protection Systems...........................5–63
viii