Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Insects and Spiders

530 Pages·2005·41.13 MB·English

by  Athur Evans

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grzimek’s
Student Animal Life Resource
(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)
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grzimek’s
Student Animal Life Resource
(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)
Insects and Spiders
volume 1
Sea spiders to Stick leaf insects
Arthur V. Evans, D.Sc., author
Madeline S. Harris, project editor
Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt, editors
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Contents
INSECTS AND SPIDERS: VOLUME 1
Readers Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names. . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Words to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Getting to Know Insects and Spiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Sea spiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Horseshoe crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Proturans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Springtails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Diplurans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Bristletails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Silverfish and fire brats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Mayflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Dragonflies and damselflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Stoneflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Cockroaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Contents v
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Termites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Mantids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Rock-crawlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Earwigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids. . . . . . . . . . . 166
Heel-walkers or gladiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Timemas and stick and leaf insects. . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Species List by Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . li
Species List by Geographic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xciii
INSECTS AND SPIDERS: VOLUME 2
Readers Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names. . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Words to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Getting to Know Insects and Spiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Webspinners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Angel insects or zorapterans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Psocids, barklice, and booklice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Chewing and sucking lice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
True bugs, cicadas, and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Thrips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Dobsonflies, fishflies, and alderflies. . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Snakeflies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Antlions, lacewings, owlflies, spongilla flies,
and mantidflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Beetles and weevils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Twisted-wing parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
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Scorpionflies and hangingflies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Fleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Flies, midges, and mosquitoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Caddisflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Butterflies, skippers, and moths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Sawflies, ants, bees, and wasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Centipedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Millipedes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Symphylans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Pauropods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Species List by Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . li
Species List by Geographic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xciii
Contents vii
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Reader’s Guide
Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Insects and Spidersof-
fers readers comprehensive and easy-to-use information on
Earth’s insects and spiders. Entries are arranged by taxonomy,
the science through which living things are classified into re-
lated groups. Each entry includes sections on physical charac-
teristics; geographic range; habitat; diet; behavior and
reproduction; animals and people; and conservation status. All
entries are followed by one or more species accounts with the
same information as well as a range map and photo or illus-
tration for each species. Entries conclude with a list of books,
periodicals, and Web sites that may be used for further research.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
Each volume of Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: In-
sects and Spiders includes a pronunciation guide for scientific
names, a glossary, an overview of Insects and Spiders, a list of
species in the set by biome, a list of species by geographic range,
and an index. The set has 236 full-color maps, photos, and il-
lustrations to enliven the text, and sidebars provide additional
facts and related information.
NOTE
Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Insects and Spiders
has standardized information in the Conservation Status sec-
tion. The IUCN Red List provides the world’s most compre-
hensive inventory of the global conservation status of plants
and animals. Using a set of criteria to evaluate extinction risk,
Reader’s Guide ix
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the IUCN recognizes the following categories: Extinct, Extinct
in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable,
Conservation Dependent, Near Threatened, Least Concern, and
Data Deficient. These terms are defined where they are used in
the text, but for a complete explanation of each category, visit
the IUCN web page at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/
RLcats2001booklet.html.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Gale would like to thank several individuals for their assis-
tance with this set. Dr. Arthur V. Evans wrote the entire text. At
Schlager Group Inc., Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt coordi-
nated the writing and editing of the set, while Marcia Merryman
Means and Leah Tieger also provided valuable assistance.
Special thanks are also due for the invaluable comments and
suggestions provided by the Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Re-
source: Insects and Spiders advisors:
(cid:127) Mary Alice Anderson, Media Specialist, Winona Middle
School, Winona, Minnesota
(cid:127) Thane Johnson, Librarian, Oklahoma City Zoo, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma
(cid:127) Debra Kachel, Media Specialist, Ephrata Senior High
School, Ephrata, Pennsylvania
(cid:127) Nina Levine, Media Specialist, Blue Mountain Middle
School, Courtlandt Manor, New York
(cid:127) Ruth Mormon, Media Specialist, The Meadows School, Las
Vegas, Nevada
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS
We welcome your comments on Grzimek’s Student Animal
Life Resource: Insects and Spiders and suggestions for future edi-
tions of this work. Please write: Editors, Grzimek’s Student An-
imal Life Resource: Insects and Spiders, U(cid:127)X(cid:127)L, 27500 Drake Rd.,
Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-3535; call toll free: 1-800-
877-4253; fax: [phone]; or send e-mail via www.gale.com.
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Pronunciation Guide for
Scientific Names
Acherontia atropos ah-KER-on-tee-uh at-TRUH-pohs
Acyrthosiphon pisum as-er-THOS-ih-fon PY-sum
Aedes aegypti ay-EE-deez ee-JIP-ty
Allopauropus carolinensis al-oh-puh-ROP-uhs kar-uh-LINE-
en-sis
Anthophiloptera dryas an-thoh-FILL-op-tuh-ruh DRY-uhs
Apis mellifera AY-puhs muh-LIF-uh-ruh
Arachnida uh-RAK-nuh-duh
Atta sexdens ATE-tuh SEKS-dunz
Attacus atlas AT-uh-kuhs AT-luhs
Basilia falcozi buh-SIL-ee-ay FAL-koh-zy
Blatta orientalis BLAY-tuh or-ee-EN-tuh-lis
Blattella germanica BLAY-tell-uh jer-MAN-ih-kuh
Blattodea BLAD-uh-dee
Bombyx mori BOM-biks MOR-ee
Carausius morosos kuh-RAW-see-uhs muh-ROH-suhs
Ceratitis capitata sair-uh-TID-is kap-ih-TOT-ah
Chelifer cancroides KEL-uh-fer kan-KROY-deez
Chilopoda ky-LOP-uh-duh
Chiloporter eatoni ky-LOP-uh-der ee-uh-TOH-ny
Cimex lectularius SY-meks lek-choo-LAR-ee-uhs
Coleoptera KOH-lee-OP-tuh-ruh
Collembola kuh-LEM-buh-luh
Colossendeis megalonyx KALL-uh-SEN-days MEG-uh-LON-iks
Columbicola columbae kuh-lim-BIH-koh-luh kuh-LUM-bay
Conocephalus discolor KON-oh-SEF-uh-luhs dis-KUH-ler
Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names xi
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Corydalus cornutus kuh-RID-uh-luhs KOR-nuh-tuhs
Cubacubana spelaea KYOO-buh-kyoo-BAH-nuh spuh-LAY-
ee-uh
Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni ser-toh-DY-op-sis DALL-muh-nee
Demodex folliculorum DEM-uh-deks fuh-LIK-yuh-LOR-um
Dermacentor andersoni DER-muh-SEN-ter an-der-SOH-ny
Dermaptera der-MOP-tuh-ruh
Deroplatys lobata der-OP-luh-teez LOH-bah-duh
Diapheromera femorata DY-uh-FER-ah-mer-uh fem-uh-
RAW-tuh
Diplopoda duh-PLAW-puh-duh
Diplura duh-PLER-uh
Diptera DIP-tuh-ruh
Dorcadia ioffi dor-KAY-dee-uh EYE-oh-fee
Dynastes hercules DY-nuh-steez her-KYOO-leez
Dytiscus marginalis dy-TIS-cuhs MAR-gih-NAL-is
Embioptera EM-bee-OP-tuh-ruh
Ephemera vulgata uh-FEM-uh-ruh vuhl-GAW-tuh
Ephemeroptera uh-FEM-uh-ROP-tuh-ruh
Euclimacia torquata YOO-kluh-MAY-see-uh tor-KWAH-tuh
Eumenes fraternus YOO-muh-neez fruh-TER-nuhs
Extatosoma tiaratum EK-stat-TOH-suh-muh TEE-ar-uh-tum
Forficula auricularia for-FIK-yoo-luh oh-RIK-yoo-LAR-ee-uh
Frankliniella occidentalis FRANK-lin-ee-EL-luh AWK-sih-
DEN-tuh-lis
Galeodes arabs GAY-lee-OH-deez AIR-rubs
Glomeris marginata GLAW-mer-is mar-GIH-nah-tuh
Glossina palpalis glaw-SEE-nuh pal-PUH-lis
Gongylus gongylodes GON-jih-luhs gon-JIH-loh-DEEZ
Grylloblatta campodeiformis GRIL-oh-BLAH-duh KAM-poh-
DAY-for-mis
Grylloblattodea GRILL-oh-BLAD-uh-DEE
Halictophagus naulti huh-LIK-tuh-FAY-guhs NALL-ty
Halobates micans huh-LOH-buh-teez MY-kunz
Hemiptera heh-MIP-tuh-ruh
Heteropteryx dilitata HED-er-OP-ter-iks DIL-uh-TAH-tuh
Holijapyx diversiuguis huh-LIJ-uh-piks dih-VER-see-uh-gwis
Hymenoptera HY-muh-NOP-tuh-ruh
Hymenopus coronatus HY-muh-NAW-puhs KUH-ruh-NAW-
tuhs
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Inocellia crassicornis IN-uh-SEE-lee-uh KRAS-sih-KOR-nis
Isoptera eye-SOP-tuh-ruh
Labidura herculeana luh-BIH-der-uh her-KYOO-lee-ah-nuh
Lepidoptera LEP-uh-DOP-tuh-ruh
Lepisma saccharina luh-PIZ-muh SAK-uh-REE-nuh
Lethocerus maximus luh-THAW-suh-ruhs mak-SIH-muhs
Limulus polyphemus lim-YUH-luhs PAW-lih-FUH-muhs
Liposcelis bostrychophila LIP-uh-SEL-is buh-STRIK-uh-FEE-
lee-uh
Lucanus cervus LOO-kah-nuhs SER-vuhs
Lymantria dispar LY-mon-tree-uh DIS-per
Macrotermes carbonarius MAK-roh-TER-meez KAR-buh-
NAR-ee-uhs
Maculinea arion MAK-yoo-LIN-ee-uh uh-REE-uhn
Magicicada septendecim MAJ-uh-SIK-uh-duh SEP-ten-DEE-
sum
Mallada albofascialis muh-LAH-duh AL-boh-FOS-ee-uh-lis
Mantis religiosa MAN-tuhs ruh-LIH-jee-OH-suh
Mantodea man-TOH-dee-uh
Mantophasmotodea MAN-tuh-FAZ-muh-TOH-dee-uh
Mastigoproctus giganteus MAS-tuh-goh-PROK-tuhs JY-gan-
TEE-uhs
Mecoptera meh-KOP-tuh-ruh
Megalithone tillyardi MEG-uh-LITH-uh-NEE til-YER-dy
Megaloprepus caerulatus MEG-uh-LAH-prih-puhs kee-ROO-
lah-tuhs
Megaloptera MEG-uh-LOP-tuh-ruh
Megarhyssa nortoni MEG-uh-RY-suh NOR-tuh-ny
Merostomata MER-uh-STOH-muh-duh
Microcoryphia MY-kroh-KUH-rih-fee-uh
Mimetica mortuifolia MIH-meh-TIH-kuh mor-CHOO-ih-
FOH-lee-uh
Morpho menelaus MOR-foh MEN-uh-LAY-uhs
Mutilla europaea myoo-TIL-uh yer-OH-pee-uh
Myrmeleon formicarius mer-MUH-lee-uhn for-MUH-kar-ee-uhs
Nasutitermes nigriceps nuh-SOO-duh-ter-meez NY-gruh-seps
Nemoptera sinuata nuh-MOP-tuh-ruh sin-YOO-ah-tuh
Neuroptera new-ROP-tuh-ruh
Nicrophorus americanus ny-KRAW-fuh-ruhs uh-MAIR-uh-
KAN-uhs
Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names xiii