Grzimek's Student Animal Life Resource. Crustaceans, Mollusks, And Segmented Worms

366 Pages·2004·29.16 MB·English

by  Catherine Allen

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grzimek’s
Student Animal Life Resource
••••
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grzimek’s
Student Animal Life Resource
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Crustaceans, Mollusks, and Segmented Worms
Arthur V. Evans, D.Sc., author
Madeline S. Harris, project editor
Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt, editors
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Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Crustaceans, Mollusks, and Segmented Worms
Arthur V. Evans, D.Sc
Project Editor Rights and Acquisitions Composition
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Evans, Arthur V.
Grzimek’s student animal life resource. Crustaceans, mollusks, and segmented
worms /
Arthur V. Evans ; Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-9411-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Crustacea—Juvenile literature. 2. Mollusks—Juvenile literature.
3. Annelida—Juvenile literature. I. Schlager, Neil, 1966- II. Weisblatt, Jayne.
III. Title.
QL437.2.E93 2005
595.3—dc22 2005015905
ISBN 0-7876-9402-9 (21-vol set), ISBN 0-7876-9411-8
This title is also available as an e-book
Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in Canada
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
CRUSTACEANS, MOLLUSKS, AND SEGMENTED
WORMS
Readers Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Getting to Know Crustaceans, Mollusks, Segmented
Worms, and Their Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi
Clam worms, sand worms, and tubeworms . . . . . . . . . .1
Myzostomids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Earthworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Leeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Beard worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Hydrothermal vent and cold seep worms . . . . . . . . . . .39
Peanut worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Echiurans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Velvet worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Water bears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Remipedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Contents v
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Cephalocarids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Fairy shrimps, tadpole shrimps, and clam shrimps and
water fleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Leptostracans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Mantis shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Bathynellaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Anaspidaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Krill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Amphionids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Crabs, shrimps, and lobsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Mysids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Lophogastrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Cumaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Tanaids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Mictaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Spelaeogriphaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Thermosbaenaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Pillbugs, slaters, and woodlice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Amphipods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Barnacles and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Tantulocaridans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Fish lice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Mystacocarids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Copepods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
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Mussel shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Tongue worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Aplacophorans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Monoplacophorans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Chitons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Sea slugs, snails, and limpets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Bivalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
Tusk shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Nautilids, octopods, cuttlefishes, squids, and
relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Phoronids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Freshwater and marine ectoprocts or bryozoans . . . .311
Lampshells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Species List by Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxxiii
Species List by Geographic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxxv
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see the Cumulative Index
Contents vii
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Reader’s Guide
Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Crustaceans, Mol-
lusks, and Segmented Worms offers readers comprehensive and
easy-to-use information on Earth’s crustaceans, mollusks, and
segmented worms. Entries are arranged by taxonomy, the sci-
ence through which living things are classified into related
groups. Each entry includes sections on physical characteris-
tics; geographic range; habitat; diet; behavior and reproduction;
animals and people; and conservation status. All entries are fol-
lowed by one or more species accounts with the same infor-
mation as well as a range map and photo or illustration for each
species. Entries conclude with a list of books, periodicals, and
Web sites that may be used for further research.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Crustaceans, Mol-
lusks, and Segmented Wormsincludes a pronunciation guide for
scientific names; a glossary; an overview of Segmented Worms,
Crustaceans, Mollusks, and their relatives; a list of species in
the volume by biome; a list of species by geographic range; and
an index. The volume has 159 full-color maps, photos, and il-
lustrations to enliven the text, and sidebars provide additional
facts and related information.
NOTE
Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Crustaceans, Mol-
lusks, and Segmented Worms has standardized information in
the Conservation Status section. The World Conservation
Reader’s Guide ix
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Union (IUCN) Red List provides the world’s most comprehen-
sive inventory of the global conservation status of plants and
animals. Using a set of criteria to evaluate extinction risk, the
IUCN recognizes the following categories: Extinct, Extinct in
the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Con-
servation Dependent, Near Threatened, Least Concern, and
Data Deficient. These terms are defined where they are used in
the text, but for a complete explanation of each category, visit
the IUCN web page at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/
RLcats2001booklet.html.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Gale would like to thank several individuals for their assis-
tance with this volume. Arthur V. Evans, D.Sc., wrote the text.
At Schlager Group Inc., Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt co-
ordinated the writing and editing of the volume.
Special thanks are also due for the invaluable comments and
suggestions provided by the Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Re-
source: Crustaceans, Mollusks, and Segmented Worms advisors:
(cid:127) Mary Alice Anderson, Media Specialist, Winona Middle
School, Winona, Minnesota
(cid:127) Thane Johnson, Librarian, Oklahoma City Zoo, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma
(cid:127) Debra Kachel, Media Specialist, Ephrata Senior High
School, Ephrata, Pennsylvania
(cid:127) Nina Levine, Media Specialist, Blue Mountain Middle
School, Courtlandt Manor, New York
(cid:127) Ruth Mormon, Media Specialist, The Meadows School, Las
Vegas, Nevada
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS
We welcome your comments on Grzimek’s Student Animal
Life Resource: Crustaceans, Mollusks, and Segmented Worms and
suggestions for future editions of this work. Please write: Edi-
tors, Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource: Crustaceans, Mol-
lusks, and Segmented Worms, U(cid:127)X(cid:127)L, 27500 Drake Rd.,
Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-3535; call toll free: 1-800-
877-4253; fax: [phone]; or send e-mail via www.gale.com.
x Grzimek’s Student Animal Life Resource
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Pronunciation Guide for
Scientific Names
Amphionidacea am-fee-oh-nih-DAY-see-ay
Amphionides reynaudii am-fee-OH-nih-deez ray-NOH-dee-eye
Amphipoda am-fee-POH-day
Anaspidacea an-ah-spih-DAY-see-ay
Anaspides tasmaniae an-ah-SPIH-dayz taz-MAY-nee-ee
Antalis entalis an-TAL-is en-TAL-is
Antrobathynella stammeri an-troh-bath-EE-nel-lay STAM-
mer-eye
Aplacophora ah-plak-oh-FOR-ay
Apseudes intermedius ap-SEE-oo-dez in-ter-MEE-dee-us
Argulus foliaceus AR-gyu-lus foh-lee-AY-see-us
Armadillidium vulgare ar-mah-dil-LID-ee-um vul-GAR-ee
Bathynellacea bath-ee-nel-AYS-see-ay
Bivalvia bi-VAL-vee-ay
Bonellia viridis bon-NEL-lee-ay vih-RID-iss
Brachipoda brah-kee-POE-day
Branchiura bran-chee-YUR-ray
Branchiopoda bran-kee-oh-POE-day
Caprella californica kap-REL-lay kal-ih-FOR-nih-kay
Cephalocarida sef-fal-oh-KAR-ee-day
Cephalopoda sef-fal-oh-POE-day
Chiridotea caeca kih-ree-DOE-tee-ay SEE-kay
Chiton KI-ton
Chlamys opercularis KLAM-iss ah-per-kyu-LAH-ris
Conax variabilis KON-acks var-ee-AH-bih-lis
Conus geographus KON-us jee-oh-GRAF-us
Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names xi