Growth without Ecodisasters?: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Environmental Future (2nd ICEF), held in Reykjavik, Iceland, 5–11 June 1977

665 Pages·1980·73.748 MB·English

by  Nicholas Polunin (eds.)

GROWTH WITHOUT ECODISASTERS?
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F
GROWTH WITHOUT
ECODISASTERS?
Proceedings of the Second International Conference
on Environmental Future (2nd ICEF),
held in Reykjavik, Iceland,
5-11 June 1977
edited by
NICHOLAS POLUNIN
M
©Nicholas Polunin 1980
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980 978-0-333-23521-8
Pages 409-428 © Claire Russell and
W. M. S. Russell 1979
All rights reserved. Except in literature citations
or reasonably brief quotations, no part of this
book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, without written permission
of the copyright holder (acting on behalf of the
sponsoring Foundation for Environmental
Conservation)
First published 1980 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Associated companies in Delhi Dublin
Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne
New York Singapore and Tokyo
Phototypeset in Times by George Over Limited,
Rugby and London
Printed by Unwin Brothers Limited,
The Gresham Press, Old Woking, Surrey
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
International Conference on Environmental
Future,
2nd, Reykjavik, 1977
Growth without ecodisasters?
1. Environmental policy - Congresses
2. Conservation of natural resources- Con
gresses
I. Title II. Polunin, Nicholas
301.3'1 HC79.E5
ISBN 978-1-349-03682-0 ISBN 978-1-349-03680-6 ( eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-03680-6
This book is sold subject to the standard
conditions of the Net Book Agreement
By Gracious Permission of the President of Iceland,
H.E. Dr Kristjan Eldjarn,
this Work is Dedicated
to his Gallant Country and Stalwart People
in Fond Admiration and Profound Gratitude
for their Splendid Hostmanship
of the 2nd ICEF
Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface XV
Opening of the Conference xxi
Session 1: INTRODUCTION: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
THE BIOSPHERE
Keynote Paper Part 1: An Economist's View and Questions, by
JAN TINBERGEN 3
Keynote Paper Part II: A Biologist's View and Warnings, by
DONALDJ.KUENEN 7
Discussion: Linus Pauling (Chairman), Donald J. Koenen (Co
Keynoter presenting papers), Gordon C. Butler
Panellist), Ralph Glasser (Panellist), Gudmundur
Magnusson (Panellist), and 8 other discussants 19
Session 2: WHITHER THE ATMOSPHERE AND EARTH'S
CLIMATES?
Keynote Paper: Man's Increasing Impact on Climate: Atmos-
pheric Processes, by HERMANN FLOHN 31
Discussion: Thomas F. Malone (Chairman), Hermann Flohn
(Keynoter presenting paper), F. Kenneth Hare
(Panellist), Hlynur Sigtryggsson (Panellist), Reid
A. Bryson (Panellist), and 11 other discussants 45
Session 3: WHITHER TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND
HABITATS?
Keynote Paper: Whither Terrestrial Ecosystems? Preservation of
the Habitat of Man, by F. RAYMOND FOSBERG 63
Discussion: Don Gill (Chairman), F. Raymond Fosberg (Keynoter
presenting paper), Raymond F. Dasmann (Panellist),
Perez M. Olindo (Panellist), Andrew H. Macpherson
(Panellist), and 5 other discussants 83
Session 4: WHITHER FRESH WATERS AND THEIR BlOTA ?
Keynote Paper Part 1: Whither Freshwater Biota?, by LETITIA
E.OBENG ~
vii
Keynote Paper Part II: Enlightened Management of Aquatic Biota,
by ARTHUR D. HASLER 109
Discussion: E. Barton Worthington (Chairman), Arthur D. Hasler
(Co-Keynoter presenting papers), Edward D. Gold
berg (Panellist), James C. Knox (Panellist), Aristeo
Renzoni (Panellist), and 7 other discussants 122
Session 5: WHITHER THE OCEANS AND SALT SEAS?
Keynote Paper Part 1: Diagnosing the Future Health of the World
Ocean, by EDWARD D. GOLDBERG 137
Keynote Paper Part II: Productivity Aspects with Special Reference
to Fisheries, by SIDNEY J. HOLT 145
Discussion: Jakob Jakobsson (Chairman), Edward D. Goldberg
(Co-Keynoter presenting papers), Anitra Thorhaug
(Panellist), Jakob Magnusson (Panellist), N. V. C.
Polunin (Panellist), Emanuel D. Rudolph (Panellist),
and 6 other discussants 160
Session 6: THE PANDOMINANCE OF MAN
Keynote Paper: The Pandominance of Man, by STANLEY P.
JOHNSON 173
Discussion: Fatesinghrao Gaekwad (Chairman), Stanley P. John
son (Keynoter presenting paper), Nicholas G. L.
Guppy (Panellist), Donald J. Kuenen (Panellist), Bent
Juel-Jensen (Panellist), and 8 other discussants 195
Session 7: DANGEROUS DEVEGET A TION AND MONO
CULTURES
Keynote Paper: Dangerous Devegetation and Monocultures, by
STURLA FRIDRIKSSON 211
Discussion: Ramdeo Misra (Chairman), Sturla Fridriksson (Key
noter presenting paper), F. Raymond Fosberg (Panel
list), Koonlin Tan (Panellist), W. Ted Hinds (Panel-
list), and 4 other discussants 224
Session 8: EXTREME URBANIZATION EFFECTS AND
DANGERS
Keynote Paper: Effects and Dangers of Extreme Urbanization: The
High-density-Low-rise Layout as a Possible
Planning Remedy, by PIERRE LACONTE 235
Discussion: Philip H. Jones (Chairman), Pierre Laconte (Key
noter presenting paper), Peter B. Stone (Panellist),
Reid A. Bryson (Panellist), Ralph Glasser (Panellist),
and 5 other discussants 247
viii
Session 9: WHITHER THE LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM?
Keynote Paper: Whither the Life-support System?, by EUGENE
P. ODUM & ELDON H. FRANZ 263
Discussion: Richard G. Miller (Chairman), Eldon H. Franz (Co
Keynoter presenting paper), Norman Myers (Panel
list), Erico Nicola (Panellist), Leila J. Baroody
(Panellist), and 10 other discussants 275
Session 10: AGRICULTURE AND WORLD FEEDING ALTER
NATIVES
Keynote Paper: Ecological Constraints of Global Food Production,
by GEORG BORGSTROM; presented by Ray-
mond F. Dasmann 293
Discussion: Norman Myers (Chairman), Raymond F. Dasmann
(Presenting paper for Keynoter), Koonlin Tan (Panel
list), Petur Sigurbjornsson (Panellist), Thomas B.
Starr (Panellist), Bjorn J6hannesson (Panellist), and
14 other discussants 324
Session 11: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY
ALTERNATIVES
Keynote Paper: Environmental Aspects of Energy Alternatives,
by AMASAS. BISHOP&CLAUDEG. DUCRET 343
Discussion: R. Buckminster Fuller (Chairman), Claude G. Ducret
(Co-Keynoter presenting paper), Maria Buchinger
(Panellist), Pierre Laconte (Panellist), Dieter G.
Altenpohl (Panellist), Torgny Schutt (Panellist), and 4
other discussants 366
Session 12: INDUSTRIAL ALTERNATIVES: NON-WASTE
TECHNOLOGY
Keynote Paper: Industrial Alternatives: Non-Waste Technology,
by MICHAEL G. ROYSTON 379
Discussion: James C. Gilliland (Chairman), Michael G. Royston
(Keynoter presenting paper), Philip H. Jones
(Panellist), Charles T. Savin (Panellist), Thomas
Malone (Panellist), George H. Robbins (Panellist),
and 9 other-discussants 394
Session 13: SCARCITIES AND SOCIETAL OBJECTIVES
Keynote Paper: Scarcities and Societal Objectives, by CLAIRE
RUSSELL & W. M.S. RUSSELL; presented by
Peter B. Stone 409
ix
Discussion: Edward Goldsmith (Chairman), Peter B. Stone
(Presenting paper for Keynoters), Gordon C. Butler
(Panellist), David Dodson Gray (Panellist), Richard
J. Borden (Panellist), and 7 other discussants 429
Session 14: LIFE-STYLE ALTERNATIVES
Keynote Paper Part I: A Culture of Poverty, by E. F.
SCHUMACHER 447
Keynote Paper Part II: Cultural, Social and Political Goals, by
NICHOLAS Gt-PPY 453
Discussion: Erik Jensen (Chairman), Nicholas Guppy (Co-Key
noter presenting papers), Ralph Glasser (Panellist),
Kristi Franz (Panellist), Roger de Candolle (Panellist) 468
Session 15: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TOWARDS
BIOSPHERAL EQUILIBRIUM
Keynote Paper: Environmental Management and Biospheral
Equilibrium, by MOSTAFA K. TOLBA;
presented by Letitia E. Obeng 479
Discussion: Reid A. Bryson (Chairman), Letitia E. Obeng
(Presenting paper for Keynoter), Perez M. Olindo
(Panellist), E. Barton Worthington (Panellist), Donald
J. Kuenen (Panellist), and 9 other discussants 491
Session 16: ETHICS OF BIOSPHERAL SURVIVAL
Keynote Paper (in 5 parts): Ethics of Biospheral Survival: A
Dialogue, by BEATRICE E. WIL
LARD, EMMANUEL 0. A.
ASIBEY, MARTIN W. HOLDGATE,
YOICHI FUKUSHIMA, & ELIZA
BETH and DAVID DODSON GRAY 505
Discussion: Bent Juel-Jensen (Chairman), David Dodson Gray
(Co-Keynoter presenting paper), Elizabeth Dodson
Gray (Co-Keynoter), F. Raymond Fosberg (Panellist),
Anitra Thorhaug (Panellist), Khalid Hamid Sheikh
(Panellist), and 11 other discussants 536
Session 17: COMMON LAWS FOR EARTH AND MANKIND
Keynote Paper: Common Laws for Earth and Mankind: A Glorious
Hope?, by GARY L. WIDMAN & GUNNAR G.
SCHRAM 555
Discussion: Hjalmar R. Bardarson (Chairman), Gary L. Widman
(Co-Keynoter presenting paper), Gunnar G. Schram
(Co-Keynoter), John H. Crabb (Panellist), Charles
X